Java8之深入理解Lambda
lambda表达式实战 从例子引出lambda 传递Runnable创建Thread java8之前 Thread thread=new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { // do something } }); java 8 之后 new Thread(()->{}); 上边的例子比较简单，但是有两个疑问。什么是Lambda表达式？怎么使用lambda表达式？ 什么是Lambda表达式？ 从上述例子入手，首先我们知道Lambda一般代表的是一个匿名对象；其次我们点击“->”,IDE会帮助我们进入到符合Lambda规范的函数接口。我们来观察下这个符合规范的类的变化。 java7 Runnable // 省略注释 package java.lang; public interface Runnable { public abstract void run(); } java8 Runnable // 省略注释 package java.lang; @FunctionalInterface public interface Runnable { public abstract void run(); } 我们发现java8后Runnable接口新增了一个注解@FunctionalInterface。下边我们一起来看下这个注解是什么。 FunctionalInterface /** * An informative annotation type used to indicate that an interface * type declaration is intended to be a <i>functional interface</i> as * defined by the Java Language Specification. * * Conceptually, a functional interface has exactly one abstract * method. Since {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#isDefault() * default methods} have an implementation, they are not abstract. If * an interface declares an abstract method overriding one of the * public methods of {@code java.lang.Object}, that also does * <em>not</em> count toward the interface's abstract method count * since any implementation of the interface will have an * implementation from {@code java.lang.Object} or elsewhere. * * <p>Note that instances of functional interfaces can be created with * lambda expressions, method references, or constructor references. * * <p>If a type is annotated with this annotation type, compilers are * required to generate an error message unless: * * <ul> * <li> The type is an interface type and not an annotation type, enum, or class. * <li> The annotated type satisfies the requirements of a functional interface. * </ul> * * <p>However, the compiler will treat any interface meeting the * definition of a functional interface as a functional interface * regardless of whether or not a {@code FunctionalInterface} * annotation is present on the interface declaration. * * @jls 4.3.2. The Class Object * @jls 9.8 Functional Interfaces * @jls 9.4.3 Interface Method Body * @since 1.8 */ @Documented @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.TYPE) public @interface FunctionalInterface {} 上边文档的核心意思是：@FunctionInterface注解是为了表明这个类是一个函数式接口。 函数式接口有这样的特点：只有一个抽象方法。java8提供了default方法，以及超类Object中的方法(toString,Equals),这些方法不计算抽象方法数量的统计中。 使用上：函数式接口可以配合lambda表达式、方法引用、构造引用使用。 如果类上标记了这个注解，编译器会在编译期进行检查 最后，即使我们没有标注这个注解，编译器也会将它看待成一个函数式接口 好了，从上边我们知道了lambda的特点，接下来我们来聊下怎么使用? 如何使用Lambda 首先，我们去官网查阅Java8新特性，找到Lambda表达式的说明。我们从这个文档的**“Syntax of Lambda Expressions”**部分入手，大概可以得到如下的结论。 Lambda的组成 Lambda主要由下边几部分组成;参数列表，连接符，主体。 参数列表 圆括号内部，参数以“,”分割开来。如(String a,Object b)。 此外，参数的类型和括号，有些时候是可以省略 箭头记号 通过“->”这种特殊符号形式，连接前后。 主体 可以由单个表达式，或者语句块组成。 单个表达式，如"System.out.println("xxx")" 语句块 示例1 { System.out.println("xxx"); } 示例2 { // do something return some result return 100; } Lambda的完整用法示例 无返回值的lambda的用例 目的，将具体业务实现交给调用者处理。 定义一个无返回值，符合FunctionInterface规范的接口对象 interface Print<String>{ void printName(String string); } 使用示例1 我这里的业务逻辑是根据输入参数，执行日志打印操作。实际业务场景下，可能对应的是发送邮件或者MQ这样的具体操作。 public class LambdaDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { PrintSomeThing(name->System.out.println(name),"Hello baigt"); } public static void PrintSomeThing(Print<String> str,String name) { str.printName(name); } } 使用示例1 的延伸使用 定义 一个使用类 class Doctor{ String name; String interest; public Doctor(String name, String interest) { this.name = name; this.interest = interest; } public void printName(Print<String> str) { str.printName(name); } } 具体使用 Doctor doctor=new Doctor("baigt","java and javascript"); doctor.printName(name->System.out.println(name)); 有返回值的lambda的用例 目的，将具体业务实现交给调用者处理，并将结果返回。 定义一个有返回值，符合FunctionInterface规范的接口对象 interface GetSomething<String>{ String getThing(); } 定义一个使用者 class Doctor{ String name; String interest; public Doctor(String name, String interest) { this.name = name; this.interest = interest; } public String getInterest(GetSomething<String> get) { return get.getThing()+","+name; } } 使用示例 我这里的业务逻辑是根据输入参数(隐式interest)，计算出一个结果返回出来，并对这个结果执行打印操作。 Doctor doctor=new Doctor("baigt","java and javascript"); System.out.println(doctor.getInterest(() -> "Hi")); 到此处，我们已经大概明白lambda表达式的基本用法。但是还会有两个疑问？ 上边例子我们自定义了几个函数式接口，那么还有其他常用的函数式接口？ 函数式接口不仅可以通过lambda表达式使用，还可以通过方法引用和构造引用来使用。那么这种引用又是怎么回事？ 常用函数接口 我们选中@FunctionInterface注解类，通过Ide的Find Usages功能，会发现在java.util.function包下java8新增了很多类。这里挑几个基础的(其他的基本是功能上的增强或变种)来说。大致上有这么几种。 Consumer Supplier Predicate Function 下边会做一个简单的说明和使用。可能不会细致的去讲每一个Api。旨在让大家快速熟悉使用java8 lambda。 Consumer /** * Represents an operation that accepts a single input argument and returns no * result. Unlike most other functional interfaces, {@code Consumer} is expected * to operate via side-effects. * * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a> * whose functional method is {@link #accept(Object)}. * * @param <T> the type of the input to the operation * * @since 1.8 */ @FunctionalInterface public interface Consumer<T> { /** * Performs this operation on the given argument. * * @param t the input argument */ void accept(T t); /** * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the * composed operation. If performing this operation throws an exception, * the {@code after} operation will not be performed. * * @param after the operation to perform after this operation * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this * operation followed by the {@code after} operation * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null */ default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) { Objects.requireNonNull(after); return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); }; } } 首先此接口只有一个抽象方法accept，该方法接收一个入参，不返回结果。 定义使用类 public static void doConsumer(Consumer consumer,String input) { consumer.accept(input); } 使用示例1 接收 “something input”输入，并执行打印操作 Consumer consumer = input -> System.out.println(input); doConsumer(consumer,"something input"); 使用示例2 将两个Consumer操作串连起来，andThen的后执行。 Consumer consumer = input -> System.out.println(input); doConsumer(consumer.andThen(input2->{ System.out.println("input2"); }),"something input"); Supplier /** * Represents a supplier of results. * * <p>There is no requirement that a new or distinct result be returned each * time the supplier is invoked. * * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a> * whose functional method is {@link #get()}. * * @param <T> the type of results supplied by this supplier * * @since 1.8 */ @FunctionalInterface public interface Supplier<T> { /** * Gets a result. * * @return a result */ T get(); } 首先此接口只有一个抽象方法get，该方法不接收参数，返回一个T类型的结果。 定义使用类 public static <T> T doSupplier(Supplier<T> supplier) { return supplier.get(); } 使用示例1 不传入参数，生成一个指定类型为String或Integer的对象 System.out.println(doSupplier(() -> "baigt")); System.out.println(doSupplier(() -> {return Integer.valueOf("10");})); Predicate import java.util.Objects; /** * Represents a predicate (boolean-valued function) of one argument. * * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a> * whose functional method is {@link #test(Object)}. * * @param <T> the type of the input to the predicate * * @since 1.8 */ @FunctionalInterface public interface Predicate<T> { /** * Evaluates this predicate on the given argument. * * @param t the input argument * @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate, * otherwise {@code false} */ boolean test(T t); /** * Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical * AND of this predicate and another. When evaluating the composed * predicate, if this predicate is {@code false}, then the {@code other} * predicate is not evaluated. * * <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed * to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the * {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated. * * @param other a predicate that will be logically-ANDed with this * predicate * @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical * AND of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate * @throws NullPointerException if other is null */ default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) { Objects.requireNonNull(other); return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t); } } 首先此接口只有一个抽象方法test，该方法接受一个T类型的对象，返回一个boolean类型的结果。 定义使用类 public static boolean doPredicate(Predicate<String> predicate,String string) { return predicate.test(string); } 使用示例1 根据条件，判断输入对象是否符合过滤规则。 System.out.println(doPredicate(input -> input.length() > 5, "12345")); System.out.println(doPredicate(((Predicate<String>) (input -> input.length() > 5)) .and(input -> input.equalsIgnoreCase("12345")), "12345")); Function import java.util.Objects; /** * Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result. * * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a> * whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object)}. * * @param <T> the type of the input to the function * @param <R> the type of the result of the function * * @since 1.8 */ @FunctionalInterface public interface Function<T, R> { /** * Applies this function to the given argument. * * @param t the function argument * @return the function result */ R apply(T t); /** * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before} * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result. * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to * the caller of the composed function. * * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the * composed function * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before} * function and then applies this function * @throws NullPointerException if before is null * * @see #andThen(Function) */ default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) { Objects.requireNonNull(before); return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v)); } /** * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result. * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to * the caller of the composed function. * * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the * composed function * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then * applies the {@code after} function * @throws NullPointerException if after is null * * @see #compose(Function) */ default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) { Objects.requireNonNull(after); return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t)); } /** * Returns a function that always returns its input argument. * * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function * @return a function that always returns its input argument */ static <T> Function<T, T> identity() { return t -> t; } } 首先此接口只有一个抽象方法apply，该方法接收一个T类型对象，返回一个R类型的结果。 定义使用类 public static Integer doFunction(Function<String,Integer> function,String input) { return function.apply(input); } 使用示例1 接收一个String类型的入参，返回Integer类型的结果。示例中没做具体异常判断。 System.out.println(doFunction(input -> input.length(), "baigt")); // 上述结果为 5 System.out.println(doFunction(((Function<String, Integer>) (input -> input.length())).compose(input -> String.valueOf(input.length() * 3)), "baigt")); // 上述结果为 2 System.out.println(doFunction(((Function<String, Integer>) (input -> { System.out.println("notcompose:"+input); return Integer.valueOf(input)+1; })).compose(input -> { System.out.println("compose:"+input); return String.valueOf(Integer.valueOf(input)*3); }), "22")); // 上述结果为 67 compose是先执行的部分，上述例子中，是根据输入参数进行进一步的加工，再作为输入参数传递给具体调用者。 引用 前边提到了方法引用和构造引用两种，其实构造引用是一种特殊方法引用。具体参照官方文档说明中“Kinds of Method References”部分。 种类 用例 类名::静态方法 String::valueOf 实例对象::实例方法 doctor1::getInterest 类名::实例方法 String::toUpperCase 类名::new (构造引用) String::new 静态引用 使用类 public static String doStaticReference(Function<Integer,String> function, Integer input) { return function.apply(input); } 示例 doStaticReference(String::valueOf,123456); 实例对象引用实例方法 使用类 class Doctor{ String name; String interest; public Doctor(String name, String interest) { this.name = name; this.interest = interest; } public String getStringInstance(){ return new String(name); } } 示例 Doctor doctor1=new Doctor("baigt007","java"); Supplier<String> instance = doctor1::getInterest; 类引用实例方法 使用类 public static String doMethodReference(Function<String,String> function, String input) { return function.apply(input); } 示例 doMethodReference(String::toUpperCase,"baigt");O 构造引用 示例 Supplier<String> stringInstance = String::new; 结语 上述是个人心得，不对之处，欢迎指正。 作者：baigt 交流群：244930845
