Linux用户配置sudo权限
2017-12-11
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sudo的工作过程如下：
1，当用户执行sudo时，系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件，判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限
2，确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后，让用户输入用户自己的密码确认
3，若密码输入成功，则开始执行sudo后续的命令
4，root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)
5，若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同，也不需要输入密码
visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件，但是在保存退出时，visudo会检查内部语法，避免用户输入错误信息
visudo需要root权限
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- [hadoop@localhost ~]$ visudo
- visudo：/etc/sudoers：权限不够
- visudo：/etc/sudoers：权限不够
使用visudo命令打开sudo配置文件
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- ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
- ## the root user, without needing the root password.
- ## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令，而不需要root用户的密码
- ##
- ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
- ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
- ## users or groups.
- ## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择，这些示例都可以被特定用户或
- ## 用户组所使用
- ##
- ## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
- ## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑
- ## Host Aliases
- ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
- ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
- ## 对于一组服务器，你可能会更喜欢使用主机名（可能是全域名的通配符）
- ## 、或IP地址，这时可以配置主机别名
- # Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
- # Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
- ## User Aliases
- ## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
- ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
- ## rather than USERALIAS
- ## 这并不很常用，因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
- # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
- ## Command Aliases
- ## These are groups of related commands...
- ## 指定一系列相互关联的命令（当然可以是一个）的别名，通过赋予该别名sudo权限，
- ## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令，下面是一些示例
- ## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
- , /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
- , /sbin/mii-tool
- ## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
- ## Services 服务相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
- ## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
- ## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
- , /bin/mount, /bin/umount
- ## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp
- ## Processes 进程相关命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
- ## Drivers 驱动命令别名
- # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
- # Defaults specification
- #
- # Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
- # You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
- # 一些环境变量的相关配置，具体情况可见man soduers
- Defaults requiretty
- Defaults env_reset
- Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
- Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
- Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
- ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
- ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
- ## systems).
- ## 下面是规则配置：什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令（sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享）
- ## Syntax(语法):
- ##
- ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=（可以变换的身份） 可以执行的命令
- ##
- ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
- ## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项
- ##
- ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
- ## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
- root ALL=(ALL) ALL
- ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
- ## service management apps and more.
- ## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
- # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
- , DRIVERS
- ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
- ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令
- %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
- ## Same thing without a password
- ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令
- # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
- ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
- ## cdrom as root
- ## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
- # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
- ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
- ## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器
- # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
- ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
- ## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件（此处的#不意味着这是一个声明）
- #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
