python标准库学习9
fileinput模块允许你循环一个或多个文本文件的内容 使用 fileinput 模块循环一个文本文件 import fileinput import sys for line in fileinput. input ( "samples/sample.txt" ): sys.stdout.write( "-> " ) sys.stdout.write(line) - > We will perhaps eventually be writing only small - > modules which are identified by name as they are - > used to build larger ones, so that devices like - > indentation, rather than delimiters, might become - > feasible for expressing local structure in the - > source language. - > - - Donald E. Knuth, December 1974 你也可以使用fileinput模块获得当前行的元信息 (meta information). 其中包括isfirstline,filename,lineno 使用 fileinput 模块处理多个文本文件 import fileinput import glob import string, sys for line in fileinput. input (glob.glob( "samples/*.txt" )): if fileinput.isfirstline(): # first in a file? sys.stderr.write( "-- reading %s --\n" % fileinput.filename()) sys.stdout.write( str (fileinput.lineno()) + " " + string.upper(line)) - - reading samples\sample.txt - - 1 WE WILL PERHAPS EVENTUALLY BE WRITING ONLY SMALL 2 MODULES WHICH ARE IDENTIFIED BY NAME AS THEY ARE 3 USED TO BUILD LARGER ONES, SO THAT DEVICES LIKE 4 INDENTATION, RATHER THAN DELIMITERS, MIGHT BECOME 5 FEASIBLE FOR EXPRESSING LOCAL STRUCTURE IN THE 6 SOURCE LANGUAGE. 7 - - DONALD E. KNUTH, DECEMBER 1974 文本文件的替换操作很简单. 只需要把inplace关键字参数设置为 1 , 传递给input函数, 该模块会帮你做好一切. 使用 fileinput 模块将 CRLF 改为 LF import fileinput, sys for line in fileinput. input (inplace = 1 ): # convert Windows/DOS text files to Unix files if line[ - 2 :] = = "\r\n" : line = line[: - 2 ] + "\n" sys.stdout.write(line) shutil实用模块包含了一些用于复制文件和文件夹的函数. 使用 shutil 复制文件 import shutil import os for file in os.listdir( "." ): if os.path.splitext( file )[ 1 ] = = ".py" : print file shutil.copy( file , os.path.join( "backup" , file )) aifc - example - 1.py anydbm - example - 1.py array - example - 1.py ... copytree函数用于复制整个目录树 (与cp -r相同), 而rmtree函数用于删除整个目录树 (与rm -r) 使用 shutil 模块复制/删除目录树 import shutil import os SOURCE = "samples" BACKUP = "samples-bak" # create a backup directory shutil.copytree(SOURCE, BACKUP) print os.listdir(BACKUP) # remove it shutil.rmtree(BACKUP) print os.listdir(BACKUP) [ 'sample.wav' , 'sample.jpg' , 'sample.au' , 'sample.msg' , 'sample.tgz' , ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "shutil-example-2.py" , line 17 , in ? print os.listdir(BACKUP) os.error: No such file or directory tempfile模块允许你快速地创建名称唯一的临时文件供使用. 使用 tempfile 模块创建临时文件 import tempfile import os tempfile = tempfile.mktemp() print "tempfile" , "=>" , tempfile file = open (tempfile, "w+b" ) file .write( "*" * 1000 ) file .seek( 0 ) print len ( file .read()), "bytes" file .close() try : # must remove file when done os.remove(tempfile) except OSError: pass tempfile = > C:\TEMP\~ 160 - 1 1000 bytes TemporaryFile函数会自动挑选合适的文件名, 并打开文件而且它会确保该文件在关闭的时候会被删除. (在 Unix 下, 你可以删除一个已打开的文件, 这 时文件关闭时它会被自动删除. 在其他平台上, 这通过一个特殊的封装类实现.) 使用 tempfile 模块打开临时文件 import tempfile file = tempfile.TemporaryFile() for i in range ( 100 ): file .write( "*" * 100 ) file .close() # removes the file! StringIO模块的使用. 它实现了一个工作在内存的文件对象 (内存文件). 在大多需要标准文件对象的地方都可以使用它来替换. 使用 StringIO 模块从内存文件读入内容 import StringIO MESSAGE = "That man is depriving a village somewhere of a computer scientist." file = StringIO.StringIO(MESSAGE) print file .read() That man is depriving a village somewhere of a computer scientist. StringIO类实现了内建文件对象的所有方法, 此外还有getvalue方法用来返回它内部的字符串值 使用 StringIO 模块向内存文件写入内容 import StringIO file = StringIO.StringIO() file .write( "This man is no ordinary man. " ) file .write( "This is Mr. F. G. Superman." ) print file .getvalue() This man is no ordinary man. This is Mr. F. G. Superman. 使用 StringIO 模块捕获输出 import StringIO import string, sys stdout = sys.stdout sys.stdout = file = StringIO.StringIO() print """ According to Gbaya folktales, trickery and guile are the best ways to defeat the python, king of snakes, which was hatched from a dragon at the world's start. -- National Geographic, May 1997 """ sys.stdout = stdout print string.upper( file .getvalue()) ACCORDING TO GBAYA FOLKTALES, TRICKERY AND GUILE ARE THE BEST WAYS TO DEFEAT THE PYTHON, KING OF SNAKES, WHICH WAS HATCHED FROM A DRAGON AT THE WORLD'S START. - - NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MAY 1997 cStringIO是一个可选的模块, 是StringIO的更快速实现. 它的工作方式和StringIO基本相同, 但是它不可以被继承 使用 cStringIO 模块 import cStringIO MESSAGE = "That man is depriving a village somewhere of a computer scientist." file = cStringIO.StringIO(MESSAGE) print file .read() That man is depriving a village somewhere of a computer scientist. 为了让你的代码尽可能快, 但同时保证兼容低版本的 Python ,你可以使用一个小技巧在cStringIO不可用时启用StringIO模块, 后退至 StringIO try : import cStringIO StringIO = cStringIO except ImportError: import StringIO print StringIO <module 'StringIO' (built - in )> mmap模块提供了操作系统内存映射函数的接口,映射区域的行为和字符串对象类似, 但数据是直接从文件读取的. 使用 mmap 模块 import mmap import os filename = "samples/sample.txt" file = open (filename, "r+" ) size = os.path.getsize(filename) data = mmap.mmap( file .fileno(), size) # basics print data print len (data), size # use slicing to read from the file # 使用切片操作读取文件 print repr (data[: 10 ]), repr (data[: 10 ]) # or use the standard file interface # 或使用标准的文件接口 print repr (data.read( 10 )), repr (data.read( 10 )) <mmap object at 008A2A10 > 302 302 'We will pe' 'We will pe' 'We will pe' 'rhaps even' 在 Windows 下, 这个文件必须以既可读又可写的模式打开( `r+` , `w+` , 或 `a+` ), 否则mmap调用会失败. 对映射区域使用字符串方法和正则表达式 mport mmap import os, string, re def mapfile(filename): file = open (filename, "r+" ) size = os.path.getsize(filename) return mmap.mmap( file .fileno(), size) data = mapfile( "samples/sample.txt" ) # search index = data.find( "small" ) print index, repr (data[index - 5 :index + 15 ]) # regular expressions work too! m = re.search( "small" , data) print m.start(), m.group() 43 'only small\015\012modules ' 43 small ============================================================================== 本文转自被遗忘的博客园博客,原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/archive/2011/11/27/2264946.html,如需转载请自行联系原作者