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LazyLLM教程 | 第8讲：不止是cosine！匹配策略决定你召回的质量

日期：2025-09-09点击：24收藏

在前面教程中，我们介绍了如何通过查询重写、各种优化检索策略和召回重排策略来提升检索模块的召回率。其中影响检索召回文档质量的一个关键组件为 similarity，它的作用是用来计算检索的文档和查询 query 之间的相似度。

LazyLLM 默认提供的相似度计算函数为 bm25(分为英文和中文) 相似度计算，余弦相似度计算方法。其中 bm25 算法主要针对文本进行计算，而余弦相似度算法主要针对 embedding 进行计算。如果 LazyLLM 提供的默认相似度计算方法不能满足自己的需求，可以自己来设计定义符合自己需求的相似度计算方法。与 Similarity 组件相似，本教程同时介绍 Transform的自定义方法。

本教程主要介绍如何使用自定义 Similarity 组件和 Transform的方法，读完本教程，您将学会 LazyLLM 中自定义 Similarity 和 Transform的方法，并基于 Similarity 和 Transform分别搭建一个简单的RAG应用。

为什么要自定义 Similarity

在 RAG服务中，检索模块的效果直接影响生成结果的相关性与准确性。不同应用场景对“相似度”的理解和需求各不相同。例如，在法律或医疗文档中，强调关键词级别的精确匹配；在通用问答场景中，更注重语义层面的理解；而在多模态场景中，则可能涉及文本与图像或结构化数据之间的对齐匹配。为适配多样化需求，LazyLLM 提供了两种通用的相似度计算方法：BM25/BM25_chinese和余弦相似度。尽管这两者在通用场景中具有良好表现，但在某些特定任务中仍存在局限性：

BM25 无法理解语义近似：它基于词频和词面匹配，无法处理近义词、同义术语或行业特定表述的归一化问题；
余弦相似度粒度较粗：在长文本或结构复杂的文档中，局部相关内容容易被整体平均，从而稀释匹配效果。

👇我们来看一个示例，关于BM25 无法理解领域语义（近义词、术语归一）的问题。

① 示例背景

用户查询：“高血糖的饮食干预方法”
查询说明：用户查询医学相关的资料，使用的是专业术语的同义表达。
候选文档：“糖尿病患者应控制碳水化合物摄入，以调节血糖水平。”

② 理想匹配预期

“高血糖”是“糖尿病”的核心表现之一。尽管查询和文档表述不同，但在医学语境中高度相关。理想的检索系统应能理解两者间的语义等价关系，从而高质量地命中该文档。

③ 问题分析

使用 BM25 或 BM25_chinese 时，由于它们仅关注词面重合，“高血糖”与“糖尿病”词面不同，因此得分较低，极有可能被错过。这类基于表层匹配的方式在专业领域语义检索中显得力不从心。因此，为提升检索质量，在实际系统中往往需要引入更语义敏感、领域定制化的相似度策略，以适配复杂多变的业务需求。

👇接着，看一下另一个示例，关于余弦相似度在长文档中被稀释的问题。

① 示例背景

用户查询：“谁具备优秀的项目管理能力”
查询说明：用户想找一段描述“张三的项目管理能力”的内容。
候选文档（长文档摘要）：“张三毕业于某重点高校，具有多年软件开发经验。他参与多个大型项目的研发与部署，包括某知名 Agent应用开发框架。他的主要职责包括代码实现、团队协作与任务分配。此外，他还在多个关键节点中承担项目负责人的角色，体现出良好的组织能力和推进力。”

② 理想匹配预期

用户查询和文档中 “项目负责人”，“组织能力”等部分高度相关，理想的系统应该能够识别出局部相关性，并提升该文档排名。

③ 问题分析

使用基于 TF-IDF 向量化的余弦相似度时，文档的所有词语都被纳入整体向量表示。在这种情况下，像“开发经验”、“代码实现”等内容虽然词频较高，却与查询目标无关，反而稀释了项目管理相关内容的权重，导致整体相似度偏低，文档难以被正确召回或排序靠前。因此，在处理包含多个主题的长文档时，单一的全文向量匹配显得力不从心，更需要引入局部语义感知机制（如片段级匹配、摘要引导、注意力机制等）来增强相关片段的识别与表达。

如何自定义 Similarity

1.环境准备

如果您的电脑上安装了Python，请通过下方命令安装lazyllm及必要的依赖包。关于 LazyLLM 的环境更详细的准备可以参考第2讲：10分钟上手一个最小可用RAG系统中对应的内容。

pip install lazyllm

2.实现函数

由于 LazyLLM 只提供了 BM25 和余弦相似度两种相似度计算方式，在实际应用中可能不能满足要求，这就需要自己根据实际需求来定制 similarity。这里我们以 TF-IDF 算法来实现一个 similarity 计算的例子来说明怎么定义及应用。

TF-IDF 原理与示例

TF-IDF 全称为 Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency，是一种在信息检索和文本挖掘中广泛使用的关键词提取算法。它的核心思想是：一个词如果在一篇文档中频繁出现，但在所有文档中不常见，那么它很可能是这篇文档的重要关键词。

1. 词频 TF（Term Frequency）

衡量词语在文档中的重要性：

其中， f(t,d) 表示词 t 在文档 d 中出现的次数，分母为该文档中所有词的出现次数之和。

2. 逆文档频率 IDF（Inverse Document Frequency）

衡量词语在语料库中的稀有程度：

其中， N 为总文档数， df(t) 为包含词 t 的文档数。

3. 最终计算公式：TF-IDF

4. 示例分析

文档集：

📄 文档1：「大模型正在改变世界」

📄 文档2：「大模型是人工智能的关键技术」

📄 文档3：「我喜欢编程」

查询：「大模型技术」

🔹 TF（以文档2为例）：共7词

“大模型”出现1次 → TF = 1 / 7 ≈ 0.143

“技术”出现1次 → TF = 1 / 7 ≈ 0.143

🔹 IDF（N = 3）

“大模型”：df = 2 → IDF = log(3 / (1+2)) = log(1) = 0

“技术”：df = 1 → IDF = log(3 / 2) ≈ 0.405

🔹 TF-IDF（以文档2为例）

TF-IDF("大模型") = 0.143 × 0 = 0

TF-IDF("技术") = 0.143 × 0.405 ≈ 0.058

🚨注意：为了避免IDF为负值，Sklearn中使用了平滑版，做了一些处理避免了除以 0，也确保了 IDF ≥ 1。

虽然“大模型”是 query 的关键词，但由于它在多个文档中频繁出现，IDF 为 0，无法帮助区分文档。而“技术”这个词仅在文档2中出现，它的 TF-IDF 值高，对区分文档有贡献。

代码示例：

（代码GitHub链接：

https://github.com/LazyAGI/Tutorial/blob/7abc91dbb82a007a78731845dd8c360ac0cc1e75/rag/codes/chapter8/rag_tfidf_similarity.py#L1）

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
import numpy as np
from scipy.linalg import norm
import sys
import heapq
from typing import List, Tuple
from lazyllm.tools.rag import DocNode
def tfidf_similarity(query: str, nodes: List[DocNode], **kwargs) -> List[Tuple[DocNode, float]]:
    def add_space(s):
        return ' '.join(list(s))
    corpus = [add_space(node.get_text()) for node in nodes]
    query = add_space(query)
    topk = min(len(nodes), kwargs.get("topk", sys.maxsize))
    cv = TfidfVectorizer(tokenizer=lambda s: s.split())
    tfidf_matrix = cv.fit_transform(corpus+[query])
    query_vec = tfidf_matrix[-1]
    doc_vecs = tfidf_matrix[:-1]
    similairyties = cosine_similarity(query_vec, doc_vecs).flatten()
    indexes = heapq.nlargest(topk, range(len(similairyties)), similairyties.__getitem__)
    results = [(nodes[i], similairyties[i]) for i in indexes]
    return results

在上面的代码中，我们首先通过把 query 和 node 中的文本中插入空格，以用于后面的 tokenizer 处理。tfidf算法是调用 sklearn 中的 TfidfVectorizer 来实现的。计算完 query 和 node 的相似度之后，提取 topk 的结果作为输出。现在我们使用下面的例子进行测试。

query = "今天天气怎么样"
candidates = [
    DocNode(text="今天阳光明媚"),
    DocNode(text="衬衫的价格是100元"),
    DocNode(text="今天天气非常好"),
    DocNode(text="我喜欢吃苹果"),
    DocNode(text="今天天气真糟糕")
]
results = tfidf_similarity(query, candidates)

最后得到如下的输出结果：

3.注册函数

在上一节中我们定义了一个 tfidf 相似度计算方法，如果想在 LazyLLM 中使用该计算方法，则需要先把该方法注册进 LazyLLM 框架中。对相似度计算方法进行注册是通过装饰器来进行的，即通过 register_similarity 装饰器函数进行注册。

【装饰器（Decorator）是 Python 中的一种高级功能，它允许你在不修改原函数代码的情况下，给函数添加额外的功能（比如日志记录、性能测试、权限验证等）。其本质上是一个 “接受函数作为参数，并返回新函数” 的函数。你可以把它想象成 “函数的包装盒”——把函数放进去，它就会自动获得新能力。实现代码如下。】

代码如下:

import lazyllm@lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(mode='text', batch=True)def tfidf_similarity(query: str, nodes: List[DocNode], **kwargs) -> List[Tuple[DocNode, float]]:    ...

register_similarity装饰器函数有四个参数，这里我们详细介绍一下。

func，它是一个可选的调用对象，表示要被装饰的函数，如果没有提供，则会返回一个装饰器函数。
mode，它是可选的字面类型，取值为 "text" 或 "embedding"，表示相似度计算的模式：

→"text" 表示该相似度计算方法主要是针对文本进行计算的；

→"embedding" 表示该相似度计算方法主要是针对嵌入向量进行计算的。
descend，它是一个布尔值，指示结果是否按降序排序，默认值为 True，需要注意这个参数不是在在计算相似度输出时生效，而是在索引的时候才会生效。
batch，它也是一个布尔值，指示是否支持批量处理，默认值为 False。

下面简单展示一下装饰器的三种使用方式：

# 使用方式1：作为函数使用func1 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(tfidf)# 使用方式2：作为无参数的装饰器使用@lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similaritydef tfidf(query: str, nodes: List[DocNode],              **kwargs) -> List[Tuple[DocNode, float]]:    ……# 使用方式3：作为有参数的装饰器使用@lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(mode=‘text’)def tfidf(query: str, nodes: List[DocNode],              **kwargs) -> List[Tuple[DocNode, float]]:

4.参数详解

下面我们通过一些小例子来比较每个参数的作用：

1. 参数 func

关于 register_similarity函数的 func 参数，有两种方式使用，一种是正常函数调用的方式传参进去，一种是通过装饰器的方式直接在函数定义时注册。下面为了说明这个参数传进去和没有传进去的区别，我们使用函数调用的方式来演示。

func1 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(tfidf_similarity)func2 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity()print(f"func1: {func1.__name__}, func2: {func2.__name__}")

输出结果为：

func1: tfidf_similarity, func2: decorator

func1 对应的是注册函数传入了相似度计算函数，所以它的返回值是被装饰的相似度计算函数，而 func2 对应的是是没有传入相似度计算函数，所以它的返回值是装饰器函数。

2. 参数 mode

Mode，可选的字面类型，取值为 "text" 或 "embedding"，表示相似度计算的模式。

"text" 表示该相似度计算方法主要是针对文本进行计算的;
"embedding" 表示该相似度计算方法主要是针对嵌入向量进行计算的;

📌 从表中可以看出，我们的输入、mode和参数三者类型必须完全一致才可以使用。但实际使用时，只需要保证函数的node参数类型和注册时候的mode参数一致即可，无需关心query的类型。

这里我们先定义一个欧式距离的计算函数:

import lazyllmfrom typing import Listimport numpy as npdef euclidean_distance(query: List[float], node: List[float], **kwargs) -> float:    point1 = np.array(query)    point2 = np.array(node)    return np.linalg.norm(point1 - point2)

然后把这个相似度计算函数注册一下，这里使用不同的mode:

func1 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(euclidean_distance, mode="text")func2 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(euclidean_distance, mode="embedding")

然后我们定义不同的 query 和 node 来用不同模式的相似度计算函数计算相似度，看看效果:

query_t = "hello world."node_t = [DocNode(text="hello lazyllm.")]query_e = {"key": [1.0, 0.4, 2.1]}node_e = [DocNode(embedding={"key": [4.2, 2.1, 3.9]})]

用 func1 计算文本的相似度

ret = func1(query_t, node_t)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果报错了：

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'DocNode'

用 func1 计算向量相似度

ret = func1(query_e, node_e)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果报错了：

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'dict' and 'DocNode'

用 func2 计算文本的相似度

ret = func2(query_t, node_t)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果报错了：

AssertionError: query must be of dict type, used for similarity calculation.

用 func2 计算向量相似度

ret_2e = func2(query_e, node_e)print(f"ret_2e: {ret_2e}")

输出结果为：

ret: {'key': [(<Node id=2865d5c9-730b-4fda-8077-57b706944ad9>, 4.045985664828782)]}

输出结果符合预期，因为 LazyLLM 是支持多 embedding 的，所以前面的 key 表示的是哪类 embedding，然后 tuple 里面的第一项 Node 表示的是哪个节点和 query 进行计算的，第二项表示的是相似度分数。

通过上面四种结果比较，就可以非常清楚 mode 参数的作用了。

3. 参数 descend

descend，布尔值，指示结果是否按降序排序，默认值为 True。需要注意这个参数不是在计算相似度输出时生效，而是在索引的时候才会生效。因为输出时会去重，所以只是返回了topK个node，并不一定以按序排列的。这里我们通过查看 Retriever 检索的结果是否和 query 相似就可以看出该参数的效果了。

我们还是继续使用上面定义的欧氏距离的计算函数，把这个相似度计算函数注册一下，我们先使用 descend 为默认值True的情况:

import lazyllmfrom typing import Listimport numpy as np@lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(mode="embedding")def euclidean_distance(query: List[float], node: List[float], **kwargs) -> float:    point1 = np.array(query)    point2 = np.array(node)    return np.linalg.norm(point1 - point2)

然后我们使用前面的 html 文档进行测试，我们先定义一个 Retriever 对象：

import lazyllmimport osfrom lazyllm import OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retrieverfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path=os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "rag_data"), embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="CoarseChunk", similarity="euclidean_distance", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)nodes = ppl("全国住房城乡建设工作会议的主要内容")for node in nodes:    print(f"node: {node.text}")

这里我们在定义 Retriever 的时候把前面注册过的 similarity 函数名称传进去即可，然后我们选取 top 3的结果。

输出结果为：

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success: function(data) {                var signpackage = data.signpackage;                wx.config({                    // debug: true,                    appId: "wxbad48ed25d961bb9", // 必填，公众号的唯一标识                    // appId: "wxbad48ed25d961bb9", // 必填，公众号的唯一标识                    timestamp: signpackage.timestamp, // 必填，生成签名的时间戳                    nonceStr: signpackage.nonceStr, // 必填，生成签名的随机串                    signature: signpackage.signature, // 必填，签名，见附录1                    jsApiList: [                        'checkJsApi',                        'onMenuShareTimeline',                        'onMenuShareAppMessage'                    ],                    openTagList: ['wx-open-launch-app']                });            }        });        wx.ready(function() {            var share_uuid = "1735095611129204";            // 获取url分享后缀            var wxurlSearch = window.location.href.substring(window.location.href.indexOf("?")+1) || "";            let wxshareuser = "";//url 分享信息            if(wxurlSearch){                let wxsearchArr = wxurlSearch.split("&")                wxsearchArr.forEach((item,index) => {                    let ab = item.split("=");                    if(ab[0] === 'shareuser'){                        wxshareuser = item;                    }                })            }            // 处理分享链接            var shareLinkUrl;            shareLinkUrl = web_root_url + "/detail/" + share_uuid + ".html";            if (wxshareuser) {                shareLinkUrl = shareLinkUrl + "?"node: </span>llm<span class="token punctuation">.</span>llm <span class="token keyword">import</span> ChatSparkLLM<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ChunkPrintHandler<span class="token keyword">from</span> sparkai<span class="token punctuation">.</span>core<span class="token punctuation">.</span>messages <span class="token keyword">import</span> ChatMessage<span class="token keyword">from</span> dotenv <span class="token keyword">import</span> load_dotenvload_dotenv<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">&#61;&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>    spark <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> ChatSparkLLM<span class="token punctuation">(</span>        spark_api_url<span class="token operator">&#61;</span>os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>environ<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#34;SPARKAI_URL&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        spark_app_id<span class="token operator">&#61;</span>os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>environ<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#34;SPARKAI_APP_ID&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        spark_api_key<span class="token operator">&#61;</span>os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>environ<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#34;SPARKAI_API_KEY&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        spark_api_secret<span class="token operator">&#61;</span>os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>environ<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#34;SPARKAI_API_SECRET&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        spark_llm_domain<span class="token operator">&#61;</span>os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>environ<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#34;SPARKAI_DOMAIN&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        streaming<span class="token operator">&#61;</span><span class="token boolean">False</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>    <span class="token punctuation">)</span>    prompt <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&#34;&#34;&#34;              你是一个善于回答问题的助手。请使用以下提供的检索内容和自身知识来回答问题。如果你不知道答案&#xff0c;请直接说不知道&#xff0c;不要杜撰答案。请用三句话以内回答&#xff0c;保持简洁。              问题&#xff1a;</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>query<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">              检索内容&#xff1a;</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>retrieval_content<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">              &#34;&#34;&#34;</span></span>    messages <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>ChatMessage<span class="token punctuation">(</span>        role <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;user&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>        content <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> prompt    <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>    handler <span class="token operator">&#61;

可以从输出的结果中看到检索出来的文本和请求的query几乎完全没关系，因为我们使用的相似度计算方法是欧氏距离，距离越近说明文本越相似，由于是降序排列，所以 top3 对应的是距离最大的三段文本，那这三段文本和query不相似是符合预期的。

接下来我们在注册相似度计算函数是把 descend 设置为 False:

import lazyllm
from typing import List
import numpy as np
@lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(mode="embedding", descend=False)
def euclidean_distance(query: List[float], node: List[float], **kwargs) -> float:
    point1 = np.array(query)
    point2 = np.array(node)
    return np.linalg.norm(point1 - point2)

然后我们再运行一次上面的检索代码，发现输出结果为：

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这次返回的结果中可以看到都是和请求query相似度很高的文本了，符合预期。

4. 参数 batch

batch，布尔值，指示是否将所有的文档（Node）一次性给到相似度计算公式，默认值为 False。Batch主要是在需要计算均值、方差等统计特征时需要，而不是为了并行计算，LazyLLM 在 similarity 外面已经考虑了并行计算。

欧式距离计算函数

这里我们先以上面定义的欧式距离计算函数为例，把这个相似度计算函数注册一下，这里使用不同的 batch:

func1 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(euclidean_distance, mode="embedding", batch = True)func2 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(euclidean_distance, mode="embedding")

我们先计算 batch 设置为 True 的相似度计算函数:

ret = func1(query_e, node_e)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果报错了：

TypeError: 'numpy.float64' object is not iterable

我们再计算 batch 设为 False 的相似度计算函数:

ret = func2(query_e, node_e)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果为:

ret: {'key': [(<Node id=07cce4d6-6d4f-466b-9895-b0d77f607dbd>, 4.045985664828782)]}

因为该函数支持非批量计算，所及结果符合预期。

tfidf 相似度计算函数

接下来我们使用前面自定义的 tfidf_similarity 来看一下效果，也是先注册一下，这里使用不同的 batch:

func3 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(tfidf_similarity, mode="text", batch=True)func4 = lazyllm.tools.rag.register_similarity(tfidf_similarity, mode="text")

我们先计算 batch 设置为 True 的相似度计算函数:

ret = func3(query_t, node_t)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果为:

ret: [(<Node id=4a04a93d-28b4-4dbc-83d5-91150f60a648>, 0.7031197927433698)]

因为前面定义的 tfidf 相似度计算函数是支持批量计算的，所以结果符合预期。

我们再计算 batch 为 False 的相似度计算函数:

ret = func4(query_t, node_t)print(f"ret: {ret}")

输出结果报错了：

TypeError: 'DocNode' object is not iterable

因为该函数不支持非批量计算，所及结果符合预期。

使用自定义 Similarity 搭建 RAG 应用

我们先使用 LazyLLM 默认的 similarity 函数搭建一个 RAG 应用。这里我们还是使用前面用过的 html 数据为例进行演示:

import osimport lazyllmfrom lazyllm import pipeline, bind, OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retriever, Rerankerfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path=os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "rag_data"), embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)with pipeline() as ppl:    ppl.prl = Retriever(documents, group_name="CoarseChunk", similarity="bm25_chinese", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)    ppl.reranker = Reranker("ModuleReranker", model=OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=1, output_format='content', join=True) | bind(query=ppl.input)    ppl.formatter = (lambda nodes, query: dict(context_str=nodes, query=query)) | bind(query=ppl.input)    ppl.llm = lazyllm.OnlineChatModule(source="glm", model="glm-4", stream=False).prompt(lazyllm.ChatPrompter(prompt, extra_keys=["context_str"]))print(ppl("为什么需要RAG"))

输出结果为:

需要RAG（检索增强生成）的原因在于大语言模型存在一些固有的局限性。这些局限性主要包括：1. **时效性**：大语言模型的训练数据集是截至某个时间点的，这意味着之后发生的事件、新发现、新趋势或数据更新都不会包含在模型的知识库中。由于模型的训练需要庞大的计算资源和时间，频繁更新模型以包含最新信息是不现实的。2. **覆盖性**：尽管大模型的训练数据集非常庞大，但仍可能无法涵盖所有领域的知识或特定领域的深入信息。例如，一些专业的医学、法律或技术问题可能只在特定文献中被详细讨论，而这些文献并未包含在模型的训练数据中。当大模型面对其训练数据集并未覆盖的问题时，可能会产生不准确或误导性的答案，也就是所谓的“幻觉”。为了解决这些问题，RAG通过以下流程来增强大语言模型的性能：- **检索**：根据用户的查询内容，从外部知识库中检索相关信息。- **增强**：将用户的查询内容和检索到的相关知识整合到一个提示词模板中。- **生成**：将这个经过增强的提示词输入到大语言模型中，生成更准确、更有针对性的答案。通过这样的方式，RAG能够弥补大语言模型的不足，减少误导性信息的产生，提高答案的可信度和准确性。

接下来我们在这个 RAG 应用中修改为使用前面自定义的 tfidf_similarity 方法，因为前面 tfidf_similarity 函数已经注册过了，所以这里使用很简单，只需要在 Retriever 初始化的时候指定参数 similarity 为我们自定义的相似度计算函数名即可。代码如下:

import lazyllmimport osfrom lazyllm import pipeline, bind, OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retriever, Rerankerfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path=os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "rag_data"), embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)with pipeline() as ppl:    ppl.prl = Retriever(documents, group_name="CoarseChunk", similarity="tfidf_similarity", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)    ppl.reranker = Reranker("ModuleReranker", model=OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=1, output_format='content', join=True) | bind(query=ppl.input)    ppl.formatter = (lambda nodes, query: dict(context_str=nodes, query=query)) | bind(query=ppl.input)    ppl.llm = lazyllm.OnlineChatModule(source="glm", model="glm-4", stream=False).prompt(lazyllm.ChatPrompter(prompt, extra_keys=["context_str"]))print(ppl("为什么需要RAG"))

输出内容为:

需要RAG（检索增强生成）的原因在于，大规模语言模型虽然能力强大，但在生成回答或文本时仍存在一些局限性。以下是几个具体的原因：1. **知识更新限制**：大语言模型的知识是基于训练数据集的，这意味着它的知识是有限的，并且可能不会包含最新的信息。RAG通过检索外部知识库，可以引入最新的信息来增强生成的内容。2. **上下文敏感性**：在没有额外信息的情况下，大模型可能无法针对特定上下文生成最精确的回答。RAG能够检索与当前上下文相关的信息，使得生成的文本更加准确和贴合。3. **减少误导性信息**：大模型有时可能会生成不准确或误导性的信息。RAG通过整合检索到的准确信息，有助于减少这种误导性信息的产生。4. **提升生成质量**：通过结合检索到的外部信息，RAG能够为大模型提供更丰富的上下文，从而优化生成结果，提高文本的质量和相关性。5. **应对未知或稀疏数据**：对于某些特定领域或稀疏数据集，大模型可能缺乏足够的训练数据来生成高质量的输出。RAG通过检索相关领域的知识，可以帮助模型更好地处理这些情况。综上所述，RAG旨在利用检索技术来弥补大语言模型的不足，提高生成文本的准确性和相关性，同时降低误导性信息的风险。

因为 tfidf 算法不如 BM25 算法的效果好，所以最后输出的结果也不如上面的好，符合预期。

1.查看Similarity分数

（完整GitHub代码链接：

https://github.com/LazyAGI/Tutorial/blob/7abc91dbb82a007a78731845dd8c360ac0cc1e75/rag/codes/chapter8/view_similarity_score.py#L1）

这里再补充一点，如何查看检索出来的 node 的 similarity 分数？我们其实可以通过 node 的 similarity_score 属性即可查看。这里我们还是以 tfidf_similarity 为例，代码如下：

import lazyllmimport osfrom lazyllm import OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retrieverfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path=os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "rag_data"), embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="CoarseChunk", similarity="tfidf_similarity", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)nodes = ppl("全国住房城乡建设工作会议的主要内容")print(f"nodes: {nodes}")for node in nodes:    print(f"node: {node.similarity_score}")

输出结果为:

nodes: [<Node id=8076e2ef-61c5-46b4-b622-91e9fddf1294>, <Node id=c68319a3-8f34-4cd4-948b-2cb4de22cf0c>, <Node id=7e6c3032-c9b8-4929-bce4-8fbc42417df2>]node: 0.24727356514169233node: 0.20530975832300122node: 0.0970966448783235

可以看到检索到的 node 有三个，最高分是0.247，另两个是0.205和0.097。注意：Retriever 返回的节点是经过去重的，所以节点的相似度分数不一定是有序的。我们怎么能把分数比较低的节点过滤掉呢？这就需要设置 Retriever 中的 similarity_cut_off 参数，这个参数的作用就是过滤掉相似度分数低于此阈值的节点。这次我们把 Retriever 中的 similarity_cut_off 设为0.21，再看一下效果:

nodes: [<Node id=f2c8f5eb-4250-4aa1-ba32-81f0fa4c1017>]node: 0.24727356514169233

可以看到这次输出只有一个节点了，说明 similarity_cut_off 参数配置生效了。

【补充】在上面 RAG 的代码中，我们可以看见 Reranker 实例化时传入了 output_format 和 join 这两个参数，它们是做什么用的呢？其实它们不光是可以在 Reranker里面设置，还可以在 Retriever里设置。它们是用来做后处理的。

2.Retriever参数详解

（完整GitHub代码链接：

https://github.com/LazyAGI/Tutorial/blob/7abc91dbb82a007a78731845dd8c360ac0cc1e75/rag/codes/chapter8/reranker_parameters_explanation.py#L1）

我们先来看 Retriever 里面的这两个参数的取值。output_format 的有效取值是 content 、dict 和 None，content 表示 Retriever 检索输出的是 Node 的内容，即 str 类型。dict 表示 Retriever 检索输出的是字典类型，即把 Node 中的内容转换成字典进行输出。None 表示不做任何后处理，直接以 Node 类型输出。join 的有效取值是布尔值、字符串值。当 join 为 False 时，只会对 output_format 为 content 有影响，即不对输出内容进行拼接，是以 List[str] 格式进行输出。当 join 为 True 时，会给 join 赋值空字符串。当 join 为字符串时同时 output_format 为 content，则使用 join 对 nodes中的文本进行拼接输出，即以 str 形式输出。

下面我们用代码演示一下。我们以上面的代码为例进行说明，并使用 LazyLLM 提供的 bm25_chinese相似度计算方法，然后使用国学的数据集（数据集下载方式：https://huggingface.co/datasets/LazyAGI/Chinese_Classics_Articles/tree/main）。

from lazyllm import OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retrieverfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path="rag_master", embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)nodes = ppl("何为天道")print(f"nodes: {nodes}")

结果输出为:

nodes: [<Node id=e25dbd6c-fb37-4181-88e5-4dc734afe2bf>, <Node id=3c92362f-f553-4325-9eb9-080d4ceb8757>, <Node id=e863a9b9-9962-4592-9c31-62bbab55052f>]

可以看到什么都不设置的话，检索出来的结果是以 Node 形式输出的。

下面我们把 output_format 设置为 dict:

ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3, output_format="dict")

运行上面的代码，结果输出为：

nodes: [{'content': '第一章\n道可道，非常道。\n名可名，非常名。\n无，名天地之始；有，名万物之母。\n故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼。\n此两者同出而异名，同谓之玄，玄之又玄，众妙之门。\n第二章\n天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；\n皆知善之为善，斯不善已。\n故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相盈，音声相和，前后相随，恒也。\n是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。\n万物作而弗始，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。\n夫唯弗居，是以不去。\n第三章\n不尚贤，使民不争。\n不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。\n不见可欲，使民心不乱。\n是以圣人之治：\n虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。\n常使民无知、无欲，使夫知者不敢为也。\n为无为，则无不治。\n第四章\n道冲而用之或不盈。\n渊兮似万物之宗，湛兮似若存。\n吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。\n第五章\n天地不仁，以万物为刍狗。\n圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。\n天地之间，其犹橐龠乎？\n虚而不屈，动而愈出。\n多言数穷，不如守中。\n第六章\n谷神不死，是谓玄牝。\n玄牝之门，是谓天地根。\n绵绵若存，用之不勤。\n第七章\n天长地久。\n天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。\n是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。\n非以其无私邪！\n故能成其私。\n第八章\n上善若水。\n水善利万物而不争，\n处众人之所恶，\n故几于道。\n居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。\n夫唯不争，故无尤。\n第九章\n持而盈之，不如其已；揣而锐之，不可长保。\n金玉满堂，莫之能守；富贵而骄，自遗其咎。\n功遂身退，天之道也。\n第十章\n载营魄抱一，能无离乎。\n专气致柔，能如婴儿乎。\n涤除玄览，能无疵乎。\n爱民治国，能无为乎。\n天门开阖，能为雌乎。\n明白四达，能无知乎。\n第十一章\n三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。\n埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。\n凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。\n故有之以为利，无之以为用。', 'embedding': {'__default__': [0.02805577, 0.023282783, -0.010409373, 0.053345673, 0.054548774, -0.021444315, -0.03477331, 0.009788121, 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{}}, {'content': '观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。\n故天有五贼，见之者昌。\n五贼在心，施行于天。\n宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。\n天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。\n天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。\n性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。\n火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。\n天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。\n故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。\n日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。\n其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。\n瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。\n心生于物，死于物，机在目。\n天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。\n至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。\n禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。\n愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。', 'embedding': {'__default__': [0.0041554114, 0.0075854566, -0.007057654, 0.045291275, 0.04896368, 0.028331915, -0.05941855, 0.023905145, 0.041470468, -0.048525453, 0.041954085, -0.009402919, -0.026280737, -0.0059798467, 0.03535848, -0.01118226, -0.034457922, 0.05115644, -0.0008446922, -0.026550785, -0.007863325, 0.027618073, -0.011360486, -0.039742425, -0.004911823, -0.04183471, -0.005898696, 0.044848423, -0.030583072, -0.01361686, 0.038467087, -0.04660302, -0.02357292, 0.04048558, 0.03306541, 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结果是以 dict 的形式输出的，之前没配置时是以 Node 的形式输出的。这个时候对 join 要么不设置，要么设置为 False对结果没有影响，不能设置为 True 或字符串否则会报错。

ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3, output_format="dict", join=True)

结果如下所示:

AssertionError: Only content output can be joined

然后当我们把 output_format 设置为 content:

ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3, output_format="content")

运行上面的代码，结果输出如下:

nodes: ['观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。\n故天有五贼，见之者昌。\n五贼在心，施行于天。\n宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。\n天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。\n天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。\n性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。\n火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。\n天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。\n故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。\n日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。\n其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。\n瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。\n心生于物，死于物，机在目。\n天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。\n至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。\n禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。\n愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。', '天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。\n道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。\n喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。\n\n仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”\n\n子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”\n\n子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”', '第一章\n道可道，非常道。\n名可名，非常名。\n无，名天地之始；有，名万物之母。\n故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼。\n此两者同出而异名，同谓之玄，玄之又玄，众妙之门。\n第二章\n天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；\n皆知善之为善，斯不善已。\n故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相盈，音声相和，前后相随，恒也。\n是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。\n万物作而弗始，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。\n夫唯弗居，是以不去。\n第三章\n不尚贤，使民不争。\n不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。\n不见可欲，使民心不乱。\n是以圣人之治：\n虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。\n常使民无知、无欲，使夫知者不敢为也。\n为无为，则无不治。\n第四章\n道冲而用之或不盈。\n渊兮似万物之宗，湛兮似若存。\n吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。\n第五章\n天地不仁，以万物为刍狗。\n圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。\n天地之间，其犹橐龠乎？\n虚而不屈，动而愈出。\n多言数穷，不如守中。\n第六章\n谷神不死，是谓玄牝。\n玄牝之门，是谓天地根。\n绵绵若存，用之不勤。\n第七章\n天长地久。\n天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。\n是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。\n非以其无私邪！\n故能成其私。\n第八章\n上善若水。\n水善利万物而不争，\n处众人之所恶，\n故几于道。\n居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。\n夫唯不争，故无尤。\n第九章\n持而盈之，不如其已；揣而锐之，不可长保。\n金玉满堂，莫之能守；富贵而骄，自遗其咎。\n功遂身退，天之道也。\n第十章\n载营魄抱一，能无离乎。\n专气致柔，能如婴儿乎。\n涤除玄览，能无疵乎。\n爱民治国，能无为乎。\n天门开阖，能为雌乎。\n明白四达，能无知乎。\n第十一章\n三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。\n埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。\n凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。\n故有之以为利，无之以为用。']

因为没有配置 join，它的默认值是 False，所以是以 List[str]格式输出的。

这时候如果把 join设置为 True呢？

ppl = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3, output_format="content", join=True)

结果输出如下：

nodes: 天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”第一章道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无，名天地之始；有，名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼。此两者同出而异名，同谓之玄，玄之又玄，众妙之门。第二章天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相盈，音声相和，前后相随，恒也。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。万物作而弗始，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。第三章不尚贤，使民不争。不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。不见可欲，使民心不乱。是以圣人之治：虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。常使民无知、无欲，使夫知者不敢为也。为无为，则无不治。第四章道冲而用之或不盈。渊兮似万物之宗，湛兮似若存。吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。第五章天地不仁，以万物为刍狗。圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。天地之间，其犹橐龠乎？虚而不屈，动而愈出。多言数穷，不如守中。第六章谷神不死，是谓玄牝。玄牝之门，是谓天地根。绵绵若存，用之不勤。第七章天长地久。天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。非以其无私邪！故能成其私。第八章上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。第九章持而盈之，不如其已；揣而锐之，不可长保。金玉满堂，莫之能守；富贵而骄，自遗其咎。功遂身退，天之道也。第十章载营魄抱一，能无离乎。专气致柔，能如婴儿乎。涤除玄览，能无疵乎。爱民治国，能无为乎。天门开阖，能为雌乎。明白四达，能无知乎。第十一章三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用。观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。故天有五贼，见之者昌。五贼在心，施行于天。宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。心生于物，死于物，机在目。天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。

这时候结果是以空字符串拼接成的文本，如果把 join 设置为 '11111111111111111111111111111' 呢？

结果输出如下：

nodes: 第一章道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无，名天地之始；有，名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼。此两者同出而异名，同谓之玄，玄之又玄，众妙之门。第二章天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相盈，音声相和，前后相随，恒也。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。万物作而弗始，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。第三章不尚贤，使民不争。不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。不见可欲，使民心不乱。是以圣人之治：虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。常使民无知、无欲，使夫知者不敢为也。为无为，则无不治。第四章道冲而用之或不盈。渊兮似万物之宗，湛兮似若存。吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。第五章天地不仁，以万物为刍狗。圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。天地之间，其犹橐龠乎？虚而不屈，动而愈出。多言数穷，不如守中。第六章谷神不死，是谓玄牝。玄牝之门，是谓天地根。绵绵若存，用之不勤。第七章天长地久。天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。非以其无私邪！故能成其私。第八章上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。第九章持而盈之，不如其已；揣而锐之，不可长保。金玉满堂，莫之能守；富贵而骄，自遗其咎。功遂身退，天之道也。第十章载营魄抱一，能无离乎。专气致柔，能如婴儿乎。涤除玄览，能无疵乎。爱民治国，能无为乎。天门开阖，能为雌乎。明白四达，能无知乎。第十一章三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用。11111111111111111111111111111观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。故天有五贼，见之者昌。五贼在心，施行于天。宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。心生于物，死于物，机在目。天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。11111111111111111111111111111天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”

可以看出结果是由三段文本拼接而成的字符串。

3.Reranker参数详解

（完整GitHub代码链接：

https://github.com/LazyAGI/Tutorial/blob/7abc91dbb82a007a78731845dd8c360ac0cc1e75/rag/codes/chapter8/reranker_parameters_explanation.py#L1）

Reranker 中的这两个参数值和上面是一样的，这里我们就不多说了，直接看代码。我们让 Reranker输出分数最高的两个结果。

import lazyllmfrom lazyllm import pipeline, bind, OnlineEmbeddingModule, SentenceSplitter, Retriever, Rerankerfrom lazyllm.tools.rag import Documentprompt = 'You will play the role of an AI Q&A assistant and complete a dialogue task. In this task, you need to provide your answer based on the given context and question.'documents = Document(dataset_path="rag_master", embed=OnlineEmbeddingModule(source="glm", embed_model_name="embedding-2"), manager=False)documents.create_node_group(name="sentences", transform=SentenceSplitter, chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=100)with pipeline() as ppl:    ppl.retriever = Retriever(documents, group_name="sentences", similarity="cosine", similarity_cut_off=0.003, topk=3)    ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2) | bind(query=ppl.input)nodes = ppl("何为天道")print(f"nodes: {nodes}")

结果输出如下：

nodes: [<Node id=a8713a16-fc5b-4904-a06f-9e8c55d11988>, <Node id=058767c8-de0e-4d17-addc-23816ae8e2d2>]

可以看到什么都不设置的话，结果是以 Node 的形式输出的。

接下来把 output_format 设置为 dict:

ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2, output_format="dict") | bind(query=ppl.input)

结果输出如下：

nodes: [{'content': '观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。\n故天有五贼，见之者昌。\n五贼在心，施行于天。\n宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。\n天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。\n天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。\n性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。\n火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。\n天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。\n故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。\n日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。\n其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。\n瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。\n心生于物，死于物，机在目。\n天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。\n至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。\n禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。\n愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。', 'embedding': {'__default__': [0.0041554114, 0.0075854566, -0.007057654, 0.045291275, 0.04896368, 0.028331915, -0.05941855, 0.023905145, 0.041470468, -0.048525453, 0.041954085, -0.009402919, -0.026280737, -0.0059798467, 0.03535848, -0.01118226, -0.034457922, 0.05115644, -0.0008446922, -0.026550785, -0.007863325, 0.027618073, -0.011360486, -0.039742425, -0.004911823, -0.04183471, -0.005898696, 0.044848423, -0.030583072, -0.01361686, 0.038467087, -0.04660302, -0.02357292, 0.04048558, 0.03306541, -0.027309675, 0.048068833, 0.088752195, -0.009470059, 0.014505637, 0.0019608818, 0.024321485, -0.0624449, -0.050921675, -0.009048667, -0.014897456, -0.02090078, 0.0161172, -0.031017896, -0.006250185, 0.0034054928, 0.017325701, 0.05056032, 0.007071267, -0.008573053, 0.0057591763, -0.032224294, 0.015077854, -0.021500586, 0.050998785, -0.012885331, -0.0015166812, 0.016822474, 0.010382974, -0.01868565, -0.029895348, -0.035598777, -0.017912406, 0.003902434, -0.019268971, 0.025545066, -0.0016119897, -0.07398274, -0.0090994835, -0.015249873, -0.05385994, 0.041456234, 0.025098544, 0.011212095, 0.023621807, 0.02871689, 0.0155634, -0.017000291, -0.0057249004, 0.041292667, 0.014244264, -0.020487353, 0.009796285, 0.0017768699, 0.0029904752, -0.021676986, 0.050575286, 0.05815488, 0.041090943, 0.03852607, 0.0007469177, 0.0146834655, -0.019205064, -0.02501764, -0.014589938, -0.025496105, 0.0029830346, 0.009922189, -0.014940715, -0.05994815, 0.018909076, -0.0024642693, 0.04501117, -0.047053687, -0.014784821, -0.0020920835, 0.035193928, 0.042950764, 0.048697557, -0.015930817, -0.018142601, -0.021126166, 0.0013488104, 0.02504943, -0.007454921, -0.026205262, 0.03224436, 0.06320423, 0.0017354549, -0.013907578, 0.053008184, 0.013806328, -0.040066086, -0.011262496, -0.00783606, -0.032809734, 0.042265926, 0.003031213, -0.011611754, 0.0038381496, 0.026966704, 0.042800177, 0.032915533, 0.016108219, 0.019568527, 0.06046945, -0.010420891, 0.03388435, -0.0009712575, 0.032708555, -0.039891865, -0.029775867, -0.014499864, 0.022318674, 0.029443137, 0.010519894, 0.057602942, -2.1037191e-13, -0.040184353, -0.023729598, 0.059133578, -0.060146023, -0.009997531, 0.0071468763, 0.02307546, -0.008445198, 0.025550805, -0.062879466, 1.1355897e-17, 0.005254596, 0.039959684, 0.008519935, 0.028987143, 0.069844805, -0.014054391, -0.035702214, 0.03448102, 0.035850395, -0.026240302, -0.060955, -0.015616291, 0.005105854, -0.03699429, 0.013898516, -0.011044874, 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可以看到结果是以 dict的形式输出的。同样的，这个时候对 join 要么不设置，要么设置为 False对结果没有影响，不能设置为 True 或字符串否则会报错。

ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2, output_format="dict", join=True) | bind(query=ppl.input)

结果报错如下：

AssertionError: Only content output can be joined

接下来我们把 output_format 设置为 content:

ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2, output_format="content" ) | bind(query=ppl.input)

结果如下：

nodes: ['观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。\n故天有五贼，见之者昌。\n五贼在心，施行于天。\n宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。\n天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。\n天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。\n性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。\n火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。\n天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。\n故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。\n日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。\n其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。\n瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。\n心生于物，死于物，机在目。\n天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。\n至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。\n禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。\n愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。', '天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。\n道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。\n喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。\n\n仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”\n\n子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”\n\n子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”']

结果是以 List[str]的形式输出的。

如果把 join设置为True呢？

ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2, output_format="content", join=True) | bind(query=ppl.input)

结果如下：

nodes: 观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。故天有五贼，见之者昌。五贼在心，施行于天。宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。心生于物，死于物，机在目。天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”

可以看到结果是以字符串的形式输出的，如果把 join 设置为 '11111111111111111111111111111' 呢？

ppl.reranker = Reranker(name="ModuleReranker", model=lazyllm.OnlineEmbeddingModule(type="rerank", source="glm", embed_model_name="rerank"), topk=2, output_format="content", join='11111111111111111111111111111') | bind(query=ppl.input)

结果如下所示:

nodes: 观天之道，执天之行，尽矣。故天有五贼，见之者昌。五贼在心，施行于天。宇宙在乎手，万化生乎身。天性人也，人心机也。立天之道，以定人也。天发杀机，移星易宿；地发杀机，龙蛇起陆；人发杀机，天地反覆；天人合发，万化定基。性有巧拙，可以伏藏。九窍之邪，在乎三要，可以动静。火生于木，祸发必克；奸生于国，时动必溃。知之修炼，谓之圣人。天生天杀，道之理也。天地万物之盗，万物人之盗，人万物之盗。三盗既宜，三才既安。故曰食其时，百骸理；动其机，万化安。人知其神之神，不知不神之所以神也。日月有数，大小有定，圣功生焉，神明出焉。其盗机也，天下莫能见，莫能知。君子得之固躬，小人得之轻命。瞽者善听，聋者善视。绝利一源，用师十倍。三返昼夜，用师万倍。心生于物，死于物，机在目。天之无恩而大恩生。迅雷烈风莫不蠢然。至乐性余，至静性廉。天之至私，用之至公。禽之制在气。生者死之根，死者生之根。恩生于害，害生于恩。愚人以天地文理圣，我以时物文理哲。11111111111111111111111111111天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道之谓教。道也者，不可须臾（yú）离也；可离，非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐惧乎其所不闻。莫见（xian）乎隐，莫显乎微，故君子慎其独也。喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。仲尼曰：“君子中庸，小人反中庸。君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之反中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。”子曰：“中庸其至矣乎！民鲜能久矣！”子曰：“道之不行也，我知之矣：知者过之，愚者不及也。道之不明也，我知之矣：贤者过之，不肖者不及也。人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味也。”