OpenStack 实现技术分解 (1) 开发环境 — Devstack 部署案例详解
OpenStack 实现技术分解 (2) 虚拟机初始化工具 — Cloud-Init & metadata & userdata
OpenStack 实现技术分解 (3) 开发工具 — VIM & dotfiles
OpenStack 实现技术分解 (4) 通用技术 — TaskFlow
Openstack API 类型 & REST 风格
OpenStackClients
Python bindings to the OpenStack Identity API
Python Bindings for the OpenStack Images API
Python bindings to the OpenStack Nova API
Cinder Python API
Python bindings to the OpenStack Networking API
OpenStack 为用户提供了三种操作方式, Web界面/CLI/RESTAPI, 实际上前两者是对 RESTAPI 做了两种不同形式的包装, 使用户可以通过网页或者指令行的方式来调用 RESTAPI 接口.
本篇博文主要记录了 使用 OpenStackClients (OSC 命令行客户端) 项目所提供了Python Bindings API 来进行二次开发的技巧, 以及实现一个启动虚拟机并部署 Workpass+MySQL 自动化脚本的 Demo. 源码详见 GitHub: openstackclient-api-demo
在介绍 OpenStackClients 之前, 我们可以尝试直接使用 curl 指令来查看一个 tenant 所含有的虚拟机列表.
curl -k -X 'POST' -v http://200.21.18.2:5000/v2.0/tokens -d '{"auth":{"passwordCredentials":{"username": "admin", "password":"fanguiju"}}}' -H 'Content-type: application/json' | python -mjson.toolResponse:
{
"access": {
"metadata": {
"is_admin": 0,
"roles": []
},
"serviceCatalog": [],
"token": {
"audit_ids": [
"AOMhHXq_Qx2Nz41RVoUy7g"
],
"expires": "2017-03-19T05:41:20Z",
"id": "16ae22b6c36f4ebc97938f51b7d0631b",
"issued_at": "2017-03-19T04:41:20.039145"
},
"user": {
"id": "135b2cb86962401c82044fd4ca9daae4",
"name": "admin",
"roles": [],
"roles_links": [],
"username": "admin"
}
}
}获取到 Temporary token: 16ae22b6c36f4ebc97938f51b7d0631b, 表示我们的账户信息通过了验证流程.
curl -X 'GET' -H "X-Auth-Token:16ae22b6c36f4ebc97938f51b7d0631b" -v http://200.21.18.2:5000/v2.0/tenants | python -mjson.toolResponse:
{
"tenants": [
{
"description": "",
"enabled": true,
"id": "6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"name": "admin"
},
{
"description": "",
"enabled": true,
"id": "ad9a69f3da8f4aa280389fcdf855aeb5",
"name": "demo"
}
],
"tenants_links": []
}可以看出 admin 账户含有 admin tenant 和 demo tenant.
curl -k -X 'POST' -v http://200.21.18.2:5000/v2.0/tokens -d '{"auth":{"passwordCredentials":{"username": "admin", "password":"fanguiju"},"tenantId":"6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813"}}' -H 'Content-type: application/json' | python -mjson.toolResponse:
{
"access": {
"metadata": {
"is_admin": 0,
"roles": [
"14a6da35e3ef4e47a540c6608aa00ca7"
]
},
"serviceCatalog": [
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"id": "705f599f3bae42ceb4a70616d9663ad8",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "nova",
"type": "compute"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8760/v1.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"id": "39ceecd18b754c9495834d0155fe91bf",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8760/v1.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8760/v1.1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "egis",
"type": "recovery"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"id": "218769a91d0943ff8db44887645ec0ff",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "cinderv2",
"type": "volumev2"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:9292",
"id": "7f2f8036b0194ea0bd5231710b2cddf4",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:9292",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:9292",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "glance",
"type": "image"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"id": "054567bc62ce4b4fbdbdcd7c3a23748e",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "nova_legacy",
"type": "compute_legacy"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"id": "2eefe27748774693b635bf48f486f225",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8776/v1/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "cinder",
"type": "volume"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8773/",
"id": "4d8f727748924cdf9d23591bad2bbd19",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8773/",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:8773/",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "ec2",
"type": "ec2"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://200.21.18.2:35357/v2.0",
"id": "16e2a0df7fa64c8cbcdb5936e23b19cc",
"internalURL": "http://200.21.18.2:5000/v2.0",
"publicURL": "http://200.21.18.2:5000/v2.0",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "keystone",
"type": "identity"
}
],
"token": {
"audit_ids": [
"4zrwvCd7TySk7jJKuO4G1Q"
],
"expires": "2017-03-19T05:48:41Z",
"id": "74e396f8202b481a9cbd95b319a4314b",
"issued_at": "2017-03-19T04:48:42.002243",
"tenant": {
"description": "",
"enabled": true,
"id": "6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813",
"name": "admin"
}
},
"user": {
"id": "135b2cb86962401c82044fd4ca9daae4",
"name": "admin",
"roles": [
{
"name": "admin"
}
],
"roles_links": [],
"username": "admin"
}
}
}需要注意的是, 这一步骤所获取的 Tenant token 是区别于 Temporary token 的, Temporary token 作为临时 token 是为了实现多租户的场景所提供的鉴权条件(外部鉴权). 而 Tenant token 才是联系不同 OpenStack Project 间的认证通行证(内部鉴权). 从这一步骤可以看出想要获取 Tenant token 就需要同时向 Keystone 提供账户信息和 tenant_id, 此时用户不仅得到了 Tenant token 还获取了相应的 endpoints list. 并且用户能够通过 endpints list 进一步的去访问注册在 Keystone 中的其他 OpenStack 组件.
curl -v -H "X-Auth-Token:74e396f8202b481a9cbd95b319a4314b" http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813/serversResponse:
{
"servers": [
{
"id": "138ecea2-1656-46bd-aefd-39449e11c356",
"links": [
{
"href": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813/servers/138ecea2-1656-46bd-aefd-39449e11c356",
"rel": "self"
},
{
"href": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813/servers/138ecea2-1656-46bd-aefd-39449e11c356",
"rel": "bookmark"
}
],
"name": "aju_test_dvs"
},
{
"id": "42da5d12-a470-4193-8410-0209c04f333a",
"links": [
{
"href": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/v2/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813/servers/42da5d12-a470-4193-8410-0209c04f333a",
"rel": "self"
},
{
"href": "http://200.21.18.2:8774/6c4e4d58cb9d4451b36e774b348e8813/servers/42da5d12-a470-4193-8410-0209c04f333a",
"rel": "bookmark"
}
],
"name": "TestVMwareInterface"
}
]
}最终, 我们从 Response 中得到了 admin tenant 所具有的两台虚拟机的信息.
完整的 RESTAPI 请求流程图片如下:
显然, 使用 curl 请求 RESTAPI 的方式过于繁复, 不能满足用户对 OpenStack 多方位的应用需求(e.g. 实现 OpenStack 的自动化操作脚本). 对此, OpenStack 为用户提供了更高级别的 RESTAPI 调用封装 — OpenStackClients
(摘自 OpenStackClients 官方文档)Each OpenStack project has a related client project that includes Python API bindings and a CLI.
每一个 OpenStack 项目都具有一个包含了 Python API bindings 和 CLI 相关的 client 项目. 如图:
有图可见, OpenStackClients 项目主要实现了将 OpenStack 计算(Compute)、身份识别(Keystone)、镜像(Glance)、网络(Neutron)、对象存储(Swift)和卷存储(Cinder) 等核心组件所提供出来的 REST API 整合封装为具有统一指令结构的 CLI. 简而言之, 就是 OpenStackClients 项目使得用户能够通过 CLI 的形式调用以上组件提供的 REST API, 从而实现操作. 并且我们也可以从代码的层面直接导入 OpenStackClients, 更加便于开发者对 OpenStack 功能模块的调用.
vim openstack_clients.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
#encoding=utf8
from openstackclient.identity.client import identity_client_v2
from keystoneclient import session as identity_session
import glanceclient
import novaclient.client as novaclient
import cinderclient.client as cinderclient
# 定义 project_client version
NOVA_CLI_VER = 2
GLANCE_CLI_VER = 2
CINDER_CLI_VER = 2
class OpenstackClients(object):
"""Clients generator of openstack."""
def __init__(self, auth_url, username, password, tenant_name):
### Identity authentication via keystone v2
# An authentication plugin to authenticate the session with.
# 通过身份验证信息获取 keystone 的 auth object
# Keystoneclient v2 的详细使用介绍请浏览 https://docs.openstack.org/developer/python-keystoneclient/using-api-v2.html
auth = identity_client_v2.v2_auth.Password(
auth_url=auth_url, # http://200.21.18.3:35357/v2.0/
username=username, # admin
password=password, # fanguiju
tenant_name=tenant_name) # admin
try:
# 通过 auth object 获取 Keystone 的 session object
self.session = identity_session.Session(auth=auth)
except Exception as err:
raise
# Return a token as provided by the auth plugin.
# 通过 session object 获取 Tenant token
self.token = self.session.get_token()
def get_glance_client(self, interface='public'):
"""Get the glance-client object."""
# Get an endpoint as provided by the auth plugin.
# 默认获取 glance project 的 public endpoint
glance_endpoint = self.session.get_endpoint(service_type="image",
interface=interface)
# Client for the OpenStack Images API.
# 通过 glance endpoint 和 token 获取 glance_client object
# 然后就可以使用 glance_client 调用其实例方法来实现对 glance project 的操作了
# glanceclient v2 所提供的实例方法列表请浏览 https://docs.openstack.org/developer/python-glanceclient/ref/v2/images.html
glance_client = glanceclient.Client(GLANCE_CLI_VER,
endpoint=glance_endpoint,
token=self.token)
return glance_client
def get_nova_client(self):
"""Get the nova-client object."""
# Initialize client object based on given version. Don't need endpoint.
# 也可以 不指定 endpoint 的类型, 仅使用 session object 来获取 nove_client
# novaclient v2 的实例方法列表请浏览 https://docs.openstack.org/developer/python-novaclient/api.html#usage
nova_client = novaclient.Client(NOVA_CLI_VER, session=self.session)
return nova_client
def get_cinder_client(self, interface='public'):
"""Get the cinder-client object."""
cinder_endpoint = self.session.get_endpoint(service_type='volume',
interface=interface)
# cinder_client v2 的实例方法列表请查看 https://docs.openstack.org/developer/python-cinderclient/
cinder_client = cinderclient.Client(CINDER_CLI_VER, session=self.session)
return cinder_clientvim auto_dep.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
#encoding=utf8
import os
from os import path
import time
import openstack_clients as os_cli
# FIXME(Fan Guiju): Using oslo_config and logging
AUTH_URL = 'http://200.21.18.3:35357/v2.0/'
USERNAME = 'admin'
PASSWORD = 'fanguiju'
PROJECT_NAME = 'admin'
DISK_FORMAT = 'qcow2'
IMAGE_NAME = 'ubuntu_server_1404_x64'
IMAGE_PATH = path.join(path.curdir, 'images',
'.'.join([IMAGE_NAME, DISK_FORMAT]))
MIN_DISK_SIZE_GB = 20
KEYPAIR_NAME = 'jmilkfan-keypair'
KEYPAIT_PUB_PATH = '/home/stack/.ssh/id_rsa.pub'
DB_NAME = 'blog'
DB_USER = 'wordpress'
DB_PASS = 'fanguiju'
DB_BACKUP_SIZE = 5
DB_VOL_NAME = 'mysql-volume'
DB_INSTANCE_NAME = 'AUTO-DEP-DB'
MOUNT_POINT = '/dev/vdb'
BLOG_INSTANCE_NAME = 'AUTO-DEP-BLOG'
TIMEOUT = 60
class AutoDep(object):
def __init__(self, auth_url, username, password, tenant_name):
# 实例化上述的 openstack_client.OpenstackClients 的对象
openstack_clients = os_cli.OpenstackClients(
auth_url,
username,
password,
tenant_name)
# 通过 openstack_clients 的实例方法获取 project_client 对象
self._glance = openstack_clients.get_glance_client()
self._nova = openstack_clients.get_nova_client()
self._cinder = openstack_clients.get_cinder_client()
def _wait_for_done(self, objs, target_obj_name):
"""Wait for action done."""
count = 0
while count <= TIMEOUT:
for obj in objs.list():
if obj.name == target_obj_name:
return
time.sleep(3)
count += 3
raise
def upload_image_to_glance(self):
images = self._glance.images.list()
for image in images:
if image.name == IMAGE_NAME:
return image
# 调用 glanceclient.images.create method 创建一个 image object.
new_image = self._glance.images.create(name=IMAGE_NAME,
disk_format=DISK_FORMAT,
container_format='bare',
min_disk=MIN_DISK_SIZE_GB,
visibility='public')
# Open image file with read+binary.
# 调用 glanceclient.images.upload method 上传一个 image
self._glance.images.upload(new_image.id, open(IMAGE_PATH, 'rb'))
self._wait_for_done(objs=self._glance.images,
target_obj_name=IMAGE_NAME)
image = self._glance.images.get(new_image.id)
return image
def create_volume(self):
# 调用 cinderclient.volumes.list method 获取 volumes 的列表
volumes = self._cinder.volumes.list()
for volume in volumes:
if volume.name == DB_VOL_NAME:
return volume
# cinderclient.v2.volumes:VolumeManager
# 调用 minderclient.volumes.create method 创建一个 volume
new_volume = self._cinder.volumes.create(
size=DB_BACKUP_SIZE,
name=DB_VOL_NAME,
volume_type='lvmdriver-1',
availability_zone='nova',
description='backup volume of mysql server.')
if new_volume:
return new_volume
else:
raise
def get_flavor_id(self):
# 调用 novaclient.flavors.list method 获取所有 flavors 的列表
flavors = self._nova.flavors.list()
for flavor in flavors:
if flavor.disk == MIN_DISK_SIZE_GB:
return flavor.id
def _get_ssh_pub_key(self):
if not path.exists(KEYPAIT_PUB_PATH):
raise
return open(KEYPAIT_PUB_PATH, 'rb').read()
def import_keypair_to_nova(self):
# 调用 novaclient.keypairs.list method 获取 keypairs 的列表
keypairs = self._nova.keypairs.list()
for keypair in keypairs:
if keypair.name == KEYPAIR_NAME:
return None
keypair_pub = self._get_ssh_pub_key()
# 调用 nova client.keypairs.create method 创建 keypair
self._nova.keypairs.create(KEYPAIR_NAME, public_key=keypair_pub)
def nova_boot(self, image, volume):
flavor_id = self.get_flavor_id()
self.import_keypair_to_nova()
db_instance = False
# 调用 novaclient.servers.list method 获取 servers 的列表
servers = self._nova.servers.list()
server_names = []
for server in servers:
server_names.append(server.name)
if server.name == DB_INSTANCE_NAME:
db_instance = server
if not db_instance:
# Create the mysql server
db_script_path = path.join(path.curdir, 'scripts/db_server.txt')
db_script = open(db_script_path, 'r').read()
db_script = db_script.format(DB_NAME, DB_USER, DB_PASS)
# 通过 nova client.servers.create method 创建一个 server
# 这里因为希望创建 server 并对其进行预设置, 所以使用了 userdata 参数
# userdata 参数会接收一个 script 文件, 并在 server 第一次启动的时候执行
db_instance = self._nova.servers.create(
# FIXME(Fan Guiju): Using the params `block_device_mapping` to attach the volume.
DB_INSTANCE_NAME,
image.id,
flavor_id,
key_name=KEYPAIR_NAME,
userdata=db_script)
# 通过 novaclient.server.get method 和 server_id 来获取单个 server 的详细信息
if not self._nova.server.get(db_instance.id):
self._wait_for_done(objs=self._nova.servers,
target_obj_name=DB_INSTANCE_NAME)
# Attach the mysql-vol to mysql server, device type is `vd`.
# 通过 cinderclient.volumes.attach method 挂在一个 volume 到 server 上
# mountpoint 参数执行了挂载到 server 的设备路径, e.g. /dev/vdb
self._cinder.volumes.attach(volume=volume,
instance_uuid=db_instance.id,
mountpoint=MOUNT_POINT)
time.sleep(5)
if BLOG_INSTANCE_NAME not in server_names:
# Create the wordpress blog server
# Nova-Network
db_instance_ip = self._nova.servers.\
get(db_instance.id).networks['private'][0]
blog_script_path = path.join(path.curdir, 'scripts/blog_server.txt')
blog_script = open(blog_script_path, 'r').read()
blog_script = blog_script.format(DB_NAME,
DB_USER,
DB_PASS,
db_instance_ip)
self._nova.servers.create(BLOG_INSTANCE_NAME,
image.id,
flavor_id,
key_name=KEYPAIR_NAME,
userdata=blog_script)
self._wait_for_done(objs=self._nova.servers,
target_obj_name=BLOG_INSTANCE_NAME)
servers = self._nova.servers.list(search_opts={'all_tenants': True})
return servers
def main():
"""FIXME(Fan Guiju): Operation manual."""
os.environ['LANG'] = 'en_US.UTF8'
deploy = AutoDep(auth_url=AUTH_URL,
username=USERNAME,
password=PASSWORD,
tenant_name=PROJECT_NAME)
image = deploy.upload_image_to_glance()
volume = deploy.create_volume()
deploy.nova_boot(image, volume)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()上面给出了一个自动化运行 OpenStack Project 功能模块的脚本, 但实际上, 我们能够使用 OpenStackClients 进行更加复杂的工作, 例如: 自定义一个新的 OpenStack Project, 并使之与 OpenStack 的原生 Project 进行互动, 这才是真正意义上的二次开发.
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Spring框架（Spring Framework）是由Rod Johnson于2002年提出的开源Java企业级应用框架，旨在通过使用JavaBean替代传统EJB实现方式降低企业级编程开发的复杂性。该框架基于简单性、可测试性和松耦合性设计理念，提供核心容器、应用上下文、数据访问集成等模块，支持整合Hibernate、Struts等第三方框架，其适用范围不仅限于服务器端开发，绝大多数Java应用均可从中受益。
Rocky Linux（中文名：洛基）是由Gregory Kurtzer于2020年12月发起的企业级Linux发行版，作为CentOS稳定版停止维护后与RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）完全兼容的开源替代方案，由社区拥有并管理，支持x86_64、aarch64等架构。其通过重新编译RHEL源代码提供长期稳定性，采用模块化包装和SELinux安全架构，默认包含GNOME桌面环境及XFS文件系统，支持十年生命周期更新。
Sublime Text具有漂亮的用户界面和强大的功能，例如代码缩略图，Python的插件，代码段等。还可自定义键绑定，菜单和工具栏。Sublime Text 的主要功能包括：拼写检查，书签，完整的 Python API ， Goto 功能，即时项目切换，多选择，多窗口等等。Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的编辑器，同时支持Windows、Linux、Mac OS X等操作系统。
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