前言

      io hang对于数据库/存储系统而言是致命的，因此，如何模拟一个较为真实的io hang环境，并对自己的系统代码进行测试显得尤为重要。io hang的模拟根据模拟的层次可以有很多方法，比较简单的有使用LD_PRELOAD对用户态函数进行偷梁换柱、或者使用Fuse实现用户态文件系统、稍微深一点的有使用systemtap工具hook内核系统调用，还有一些其他的内核错误注入工具等。这些io hang模拟方法虽然层次不同，但是它们其实并没有模拟到最底层，也就是不能模拟完整的io路径。通常，我们所谓的io hang，都是指最底层的物理设备（磁盘）出现问题，比如坏块过多导致整理gc延迟过大、或者磁盘直接出现硬件故障无法正常读写数据等。可以看到，我们需要模拟这种块设备的io hang，才能最接近真实的io hang场景。

      那么如何才能对一个块设备进行模拟，其实，模拟一个磁盘还是很简单的，就是写一个简单的块设备驱动就好了（参考LDD3中subll的例子很简单）。当然，如果懒得写，在linux内核中，我们也可以在源码/driver/block目录下找到一个块设备驱动，如果用过linux下的ramdisk设备（通常为/dev/ram0、/dev/ram1等等），那么就会对这个代码很熟悉。使用ramdisk类似的方式，不但可以完整的产生一个块设备，和真实磁盘相比，还不用关心具体设备协议（如nvme、ahci等），可以说非常方便了。

       这里直接使用ramdisk驱动，稍作修改。

块设备驱动

       首先，在内核中找到你机器上对应内核版本的代码，比如：https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v3.10/source/drivers/block/brd.c ，然后在文件中DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(io_hang_q)声明一个等待队列，因为我们主要测试write/read hang，因此这里我们直接在copy_to_brd（表示从用户态拷贝数据到ramdisk）和copy_from_brd（表示从ramdisk读数据到用户态）两个函数中分别加入如下代码，表示如果io_hang不为0，则在TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE状态睡眠io_hang秒（或者io_hang被修改为0）。

	if(io_hang){
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read ,will hang %d seconds\n",io_hang);
		wait_event_timeout(io_hang_q, io_hang == 0,msecs_to_jiffies(io_hang * 1000));
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read finish\n");
	}

	if(io_hang){
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read ,will hang %d seconds\n",io_hang);
		wait_event_timeout(io_hang_q, io_hang == 0,msecs_to_jiffies(io_hang * 1000));
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read finish\n");
	}

       同时，我们需要一个参数来控制ramdisk的磁盘行为（它一开始不能hang，因为我们需要格式化文件系统，写superblock等），这里只要加一个开关控制：

module_param(io_hang,int,S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(io_hang,"io hang switch");

       这里注意参数的权限设置，必须要能在用户态可以修改，后续我们将通过用户态sysfs对这个参数进行修改。

       这些改动做完之后，写一个简单的Makefile将其编译为内核模块（注：为了简明我把brd.c改为ramdisk.c）：

obj-m := ramdisk.o
SRC = /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build

ko:
	make -C $(SRC) M=$(PWD) modules
	
clean:
	make -C $(SRC) M=$(PWD) clean

      然后直接make即可生成ramdisk.ko。 

      ramdisk.c代码如下：

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/radix-tree.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
#include <linux/pfn_t.h>
#endif


#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#define SECTOR_SHIFT		9
#define PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT	(PAGE_SHIFT - SECTOR_SHIFT)
#define PAGE_SECTORS		(1 << PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT)

DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(io_hang_q); 

static int io_hang = 0;

/*
 * Each block ramdisk device has a radix_tree brd_pages of pages that stores
 * the pages containing the block device's contents. A brd page's ->index is
 * its offset in PAGE_SIZE units. This is similar to, but in no way connected
 * with, the kernel's pagecache or buffer cache (which sit above our block
 * device).
 */
struct brd_device {
	int		brd_number;

	struct request_queue	*brd_queue;
	struct gendisk		*brd_disk;
	struct list_head	brd_list;

	/*
	 * Backing store of pages and lock to protect it. This is the contents
	 * of the block device.
	 */
	spinlock_t		brd_lock;
	struct radix_tree_root	brd_pages;
};

/*
 * Look up and return a brd's page for a given sector.
 */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(brd_mutex);
static struct page *brd_lookup_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector)
{
	pgoff_t idx;
	struct page *page;

	/*
	 * The page lifetime is protected by the fact that we have opened the
	 * device node -- brd pages will never be deleted under us, so we
	 * don't need any further locking or refcounting.
	 *
	 * This is strictly true for the radix-tree nodes as well (ie. we
	 * don't actually need the rcu_read_lock()), however that is not a
	 * documented feature of the radix-tree API so it is better to be
	 * safe here (we don't have total exclusion from radix tree updates
	 * here, only deletes).
	 */
	rcu_read_lock();
	idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT; /* sector to page index */
	page = radix_tree_lookup(&brd->brd_pages, idx);
	rcu_read_unlock();

	BUG_ON(page && page->index != idx);

	return page;
}

/*
 * Look up and return a brd's page for a given sector.
 * If one does not exist, allocate an empty page, and insert that. Then
 * return it.
 */
static struct page *brd_insert_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector)
{
	pgoff_t idx;
	struct page *page;
	gfp_t gfp_flags;

	page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
	if (page)
		return page;

	/*
	 * Must use NOIO because we don't want to recurse back into the
	 * block or filesystem layers from page reclaim.
	 *
	 * Cannot support DAX and highmem, because our ->direct_access
	 * routine for DAX must return memory that is always addressable.
	 * If DAX was reworked to use pfns and kmap throughout, this
	 * restriction might be able to be lifted.
	 */
	gfp_flags = GFP_NOIO | __GFP_ZERO;
#ifndef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
	gfp_flags |= __GFP_HIGHMEM;
#endif
	page = alloc_page(gfp_flags);
	if (!page)
		return NULL;

	if (radix_tree_preload(GFP_NOIO)) {
		__free_page(page);
		return NULL;
	}

	spin_lock(&brd->brd_lock);
	idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT;
	page->index = idx;
	if (radix_tree_insert(&brd->brd_pages, idx, page)) {
		__free_page(page);
		page = radix_tree_lookup(&brd->brd_pages, idx);
		BUG_ON(!page);
		BUG_ON(page->index != idx);
	}
	spin_unlock(&brd->brd_lock);

	radix_tree_preload_end();

	return page;
}

static void brd_free_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector)
{
	struct page *page;
	pgoff_t idx;

	spin_lock(&brd->brd_lock);
	idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT;
	page = radix_tree_delete(&brd->brd_pages, idx);
	spin_unlock(&brd->brd_lock);
	if (page)
		__free_page(page);
}

static void brd_zero_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector)
{
	struct page *page;

	page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
	if (page)
		clear_highpage(page);
}

/*
 * Free all backing store pages and radix tree. This must only be called when
 * there are no other users of the device.
 */
#define FREE_BATCH 16
static void brd_free_pages(struct brd_device *brd)
{
	unsigned long pos = 0;
	struct page *pages[FREE_BATCH];
	int nr_pages;

	do {
		int i;

		nr_pages = radix_tree_gang_lookup(&brd->brd_pages,
				(void **)pages, pos, FREE_BATCH);

		for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
			void *ret;

			BUG_ON(pages[i]->index < pos);
			pos = pages[i]->index;
			ret = radix_tree_delete(&brd->brd_pages, pos);
			BUG_ON(!ret || ret != pages[i]);
			__free_page(pages[i]);
		}

		pos++;

		/*
		 * This assumes radix_tree_gang_lookup always returns as
		 * many pages as possible. If the radix-tree code changes,
		 * so will this have to.
		 */
	} while (nr_pages == FREE_BATCH);
}

/*
 * copy_to_brd_setup must be called before copy_to_brd. It may sleep.
 */
static int copy_to_brd_setup(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector, size_t n)
{
	unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT;
	size_t copy;

	copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset);
	if (!brd_insert_page(brd, sector))
		return -ENOSPC;
	if (copy < n) {
		sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
		if (!brd_insert_page(brd, sector))
			return -ENOSPC;
	}
	return 0;
}

static void discard_from_brd(struct brd_device *brd,
			sector_t sector, size_t n)
{
	while (n >= PAGE_SIZE) {
		/*
		 * Don't want to actually discard pages here because
		 * re-allocating the pages can result in writeback
		 * deadlocks under heavy load.
		 */
		if (0)
			brd_free_page(brd, sector);
		else
			brd_zero_page(brd, sector);
		sector += PAGE_SIZE >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
		n -= PAGE_SIZE;
	}
}

/*
 * Copy n bytes from src to the brd starting at sector. Does not sleep.
 */
static void copy_to_brd(struct brd_device *brd, const void *src,
			sector_t sector, size_t n)
{
	struct page *page;
	void *dst;
	unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT;
	size_t copy;

	/**
	 * Simulation of IO hang
	 * 
	 * per 1 second
	*/
    if(io_hang){
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for write,will hang %d seconds\n",io_hang);
		wait_event_timeout(io_hang_q, io_hang == 0,msecs_to_jiffies(io_hang * 1000));
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for write finish\n");
	}

	copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset);
	page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
	BUG_ON(!page);

	dst = kmap_atomic(page);
	memcpy(dst + offset, src, copy);
	kunmap_atomic(dst);

	if (copy < n) {
		src += copy;
		sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
		copy = n - copy;
		page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
		BUG_ON(!page);

		dst = kmap_atomic(page);
		memcpy(dst, src, copy);
		kunmap_atomic(dst);
	}
}

/*
 * Copy n bytes to dst from the brd starting at sector. Does not sleep.
 */
static void copy_from_brd(void *dst, struct brd_device *brd,
			sector_t sector, size_t n)
{
	struct page *page;
	void *src;
	unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT;
	size_t copy;

	/**
	 * Simulation of IO hang
	 * 
	 * per 1 second
	*/
	if(io_hang){
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read ,will hang %d seconds\n",io_hang);
		wait_event_timeout(io_hang_q, io_hang == 0,msecs_to_jiffies(io_hang * 1000));
		pr_info("Simulation of IO hang for read finish\n");
	}

	copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset);
	page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
	if (page) {
		src = kmap_atomic(page);
		memcpy(dst, src + offset, copy);
		kunmap_atomic(src);
	} else
		memset(dst, 0, copy);

	if (copy < n) {
		dst += copy;
		sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
		copy = n - copy;
		page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector);
		if (page) {
			src = kmap_atomic(page);
			memcpy(dst, src, copy);
			kunmap_atomic(src);
		} else
			memset(dst, 0, copy);
	}
}

/*
 * Process a single bvec of a bio.
 */
static int brd_do_bvec(struct brd_device *brd, struct page *page,
			unsigned int len, unsigned int off, bool is_write,
			sector_t sector)
{
	void *mem;
	int err = 0;

	if (is_write) {
		err = copy_to_brd_setup(brd, sector, len);
		if (err)
			goto out;
	}

	mem = kmap_atomic(page);
	if (!is_write) {
		copy_from_brd(mem + off, brd, sector, len);
		flush_dcache_page(page);
	} else {
		flush_dcache_page(page);
		copy_to_brd(brd, mem + off, sector, len);
	}
	kunmap_atomic(mem);

out:
	return err;
}

static blk_qc_t brd_make_request(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct block_device *bdev = bio->bi_bdev;
	struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
	struct bio_vec bvec;
	sector_t sector;
	struct bvec_iter iter;

	sector = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
	if (bio_end_sector(bio) > get_capacity(bdev->bd_disk))
		goto io_error;

	if (unlikely(bio_op(bio) == REQ_OP_DISCARD)) {
		if (sector & ((PAGE_SIZE >> SECTOR_SHIFT) - 1) ||
		    bio->bi_iter.bi_size & ~PAGE_MASK)
			goto io_error;
		discard_from_brd(brd, sector, bio->bi_iter.bi_size);
		goto out;
	}

	bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, iter) {
		unsigned int len = bvec.bv_len;
		int err;

		err = brd_do_bvec(brd, bvec.bv_page, len, bvec.bv_offset,
					op_is_write(bio_op(bio)), sector);
		if (err)
			goto io_error;
		sector += len >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
	}

out:
	bio_endio(bio);
	return BLK_QC_T_NONE;
io_error:
	bio_io_error(bio);
	return BLK_QC_T_NONE;
}

static int brd_rw_page(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector,
		       struct page *page, bool is_write)
{
	struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
	int err = brd_do_bvec(brd, page, PAGE_SIZE, 0, is_write, sector);
	page_endio(page, is_write, err);
	return err;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
static long brd_direct_access(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector,
			void **kaddr, pfn_t *pfn, long size)
{
	struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
	struct page *page;

	if (!brd)
		return -ENODEV;
	page = brd_insert_page(brd, sector);
	if (!page)
		return -ENOSPC;
	*kaddr = page_address(page);
	*pfn = page_to_pfn_t(page);

	return PAGE_SIZE;
}
#else
#define brd_direct_access NULL
#endif

static int brd_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
			unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	int error;
	struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;

	if (cmd != BLKFLSBUF)
		return -ENOTTY;

	/*
	 * ram device BLKFLSBUF has special semantics, we want to actually
	 * release and destroy the ramdisk data.
	 */
	mutex_lock(&brd_mutex);
	mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
	error = -EBUSY;
	if (bdev->bd_openers <= 1) {
		/*
		 * Kill the cache first, so it isn't written back to the
		 * device.
		 *
		 * Another thread might instantiate more buffercache here,
		 * but there is not much we can do to close that race.
		 */
		kill_bdev(bdev);
		brd_free_pages(brd);
		error = 0;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&brd_mutex);

	return error;
}

static const struct block_device_operations brd_fops = {
	.owner =		THIS_MODULE,
	.rw_page =		brd_rw_page,
	.ioctl =		brd_ioctl,
	.direct_access =	brd_direct_access,
};

/*
 * And now the modules code and kernel interface.
 */
static int rd_nr = CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT;
module_param(rd_nr, int, S_IRUGO);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(rd_nr, "Maximum number of brd devices");

int rd_size = CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE;
module_param(rd_size, int, S_IRUGO);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(rd_size, "Size of each RAM disk in kbytes.");

static int max_part = 1;
module_param(max_part, int, S_IRUGO);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(max_part, "Num Minors to reserve between devices");

module_param(io_hang,int,S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(io_hang,"io hang switch");

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_ALIAS_BLOCKDEV_MAJOR(RAMDISK_MAJOR);
MODULE_ALIAS("rd");

#ifndef MODULE
/* Legacy boot options - nonmodular */
static int __init ramdisk_size(char *str)
{
	rd_size = simple_strtol(str, NULL, 0);
	return 1;
}
__setup("ramdisk_size=", ramdisk_size);
#endif

/*
 * The device scheme is derived from loop.c. Keep them in synch where possible
 * (should share code eventually).
 */
static LIST_HEAD(brd_devices);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(brd_devices_mutex);

static struct brd_device *brd_alloc(int i)
{
	struct brd_device *brd;
	struct gendisk *disk;

	brd = kzalloc(sizeof(*brd), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!brd)
		goto out;
	brd->brd_number		= i;
	spin_lock_init(&brd->brd_lock);
	INIT_RADIX_TREE(&brd->brd_pages, GFP_ATOMIC);

	brd->brd_queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!brd->brd_queue)
		goto out_free_dev;

	blk_queue_make_request(brd->brd_queue, brd_make_request);
	blk_queue_max_hw_sectors(brd->brd_queue, 1024);
	blk_queue_bounce_limit(brd->brd_queue, BLK_BOUNCE_ANY);

	/* This is so fdisk will align partitions on 4k, because of
	 * direct_access API needing 4k alignment, returning a PFN
	 * (This is only a problem on very small devices <= 4M,
	 *  otherwise fdisk will align on 1M. Regardless this call
	 *  is harmless)
	 */
	blk_queue_physical_block_size(brd->brd_queue, PAGE_SIZE);

	brd->brd_queue->limits.discard_granularity = PAGE_SIZE;
	blk_queue_max_discard_sectors(brd->brd_queue, UINT_MAX);
	brd->brd_queue->limits.discard_zeroes_data = 1;
	queue_flag_set_unlocked(QUEUE_FLAG_DISCARD, brd->brd_queue);
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
	queue_flag_set_unlocked(QUEUE_FLAG_DAX, brd->brd_queue);
#endif
	disk = brd->brd_disk = alloc_disk(max_part);
	if (!disk)
		goto out_free_queue;
	disk->major		= RAMDISK_MAJOR;
	disk->first_minor	= i * max_part;
	disk->fops		= &brd_fops;
	disk->private_data	= brd;
	disk->queue		= brd->brd_queue;
	disk->flags		= GENHD_FL_EXT_DEVT;
	sprintf(disk->disk_name, "ramdisk%d", i);
	set_capacity(disk, rd_size * 2);

	return brd;

out_free_queue:
	blk_cleanup_queue(brd->brd_queue);
out_free_dev:
	kfree(brd);
out:
	return NULL;
}

static void brd_free(struct brd_device *brd)
{
	put_disk(brd->brd_disk);
	blk_cleanup_queue(brd->brd_queue);
	brd_free_pages(brd);
	kfree(brd);
}

static struct brd_device *brd_init_one(int i, bool *new)
{
	struct brd_device *brd;

	*new = false;
	list_for_each_entry(brd, &brd_devices, brd_list) {
		if (brd->brd_number == i)
			goto out;
	}

	brd = brd_alloc(i);
	if (brd) {
		add_disk(brd->brd_disk);
		list_add_tail(&brd->brd_list, &brd_devices);
	}
	*new = true;
out:
	return brd;
}

static void brd_del_one(struct brd_device *brd)
{
	list_del(&brd->brd_list);
	del_gendisk(brd->brd_disk);
	brd_free(brd);
}

static struct kobject *brd_probe(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
{
	struct brd_device *brd;
	struct kobject *kobj;
	bool new;

	mutex_lock(&brd_devices_mutex);
	brd = brd_init_one(MINOR(dev) / max_part, &new);
	kobj = brd ? get_disk(brd->brd_disk) : NULL;
	mutex_unlock(&brd_devices_mutex);

	if (new)
		*part = 0;

	return kobj;
}

static int __init brd_init(void)
{
	struct brd_device *brd, *next;
	int i;

	/*
	 * brd module now has a feature to instantiate underlying device
	 * structure on-demand, provided that there is an access dev node.
	 *
	 * (1) if rd_nr is specified, create that many upfront. else
	 *     it defaults to CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT
	 * (2) User can further extend brd devices by create dev node themselves
	 *     and have kernel automatically instantiate actual device
	 *     on-demand. Example:
	 *		mknod /path/devnod_name b 1 X	# 1 is the rd major
	 *		fdisk -l /path/devnod_name
	 *	If (X / max_part) was not already created it will be created
	 *	dynamically.
	 */

	if (register_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk"))
		return -EIO;

	if (unlikely(!max_part))
		max_part = 1;

	for (i = 0; i < rd_nr; i++) {
		brd = brd_alloc(i);
		if (!brd)
			goto out_free;
		list_add_tail(&brd->brd_list, &brd_devices);
	}

	/* point of no return */

	list_for_each_entry(brd, &brd_devices, brd_list)
		add_disk(brd->brd_disk);

	blk_register_region(MKDEV(RAMDISK_MAJOR, 0), 1UL << MINORBITS,
				  THIS_MODULE, brd_probe, NULL, NULL);

	pr_info("brd: module loaded\n");
	return 0;

out_free:
	list_for_each_entry_safe(brd, next, &brd_devices, brd_list) {
		list_del(&brd->brd_list);
		brd_free(brd);
	}
	unregister_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk");

	pr_info("brd: module NOT loaded !!!\n");
	return -ENOMEM;
}

static void __exit brd_exit(void)
{
	struct brd_device *brd, *next;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(brd, next, &brd_devices, brd_list)
		brd_del_one(brd);

	blk_unregister_region(MKDEV(RAMDISK_MAJOR, 0), 1UL << MINORBITS);
	unregister_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk");

	pr_info("brd: module unloaded\n");
}

module_init(brd_init);
module_exit(brd_exit);

格式化、挂载

      上面我们实现了一个块设备驱动，并编译出来一个ramdisk.ko，现在可以注册这个块设备驱动：

sudo insmod ramdisk.ko

       可以看到/dev下多出来很多ramdisk设备，这些都是块设备，你可以把它当做一个真实的磁盘，只是这些磁盘都是memory backend。

       这里我使用ramdisk0做测试，首先对其格式化：

mkfs -t ext4 /dev/ramdisk0

        然后将其挂载到一个目录（选一个测试目录，比如io_hang_test）

sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/ramdisk0 /mnt/io_hang_test

        挂载之后可以运行mount命令看下挂载效果（最后一行）。

控制

      好了，现在/mnt/io_hang_test目录对应的就是我们的ramdisk0，所有在/mnt/io_hang_test目录下进行的io操作，都会经过ext4文件系统后转为对ramdisk0的读写操作，可以直接在上面创建一个文件试一试，只是这些文件是在内存里，重启后就丢失了。

      如果前面一切正常，则可以开始模拟io hang。还记得之前那个内核参数io_hang，它目前还是0，因为不会io hang，现在来修改它：

sudo bash -c " echo 10 > /sys/module/ramdisk/parameters/io_hang"

      这条命令会修改内核参数io_hang，将其值改为10，这样的话下一次读写的时候，ramdisk驱动会对每一次的read/write hang 10 秒钟（不精确）。如果想关闭io hang，执行：

sudo bash -c " echo 0 > /sys/module/ramdisk/parameters/io_hang"

测试   

      为了测试read和write，我这里写一个简单的测试代码，测试read和write，同时，为了避开page cache的影响和使用同步io，使用O_DIRECT和O_SYNC方式open。

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

#define BUF_SIZE 1024

int main(){
    int fd,size,len;
    int ret = 0;

    char *write_buf,*read_buf;
    ret = posix_memalign((void **)&write_buf, 512, BUF_SIZE);
    if (ret) {
        perror("posix_memalign:");
        exit(1);
    }

    ret = posix_memalign((void **)&read_buf, 512, BUF_SIZE);
    if (ret) {
        perror("posix_memalign:");
        exit(1);
    }

    strcpy(write_buf,"direct osync mode");
    len = strlen("direct osync mode");

    if ((fd = open("hello.c", O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_RDWR | O_DIRECT |  O_SYNC,0666 ))<0) {
        perror("open:");
        exit(1);
    }  

    if ((size = write(fd, write_buf, BUF_SIZE)) < 0){
        perror("write:");
        exit(1);
    }  

    lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET );
    
    if ((size = read( fd, read_buf, BUF_SIZE))<0) {
        perror("read:");
        exit(1);
    }  

    if(strncmp(read_buf,write_buf,len) != 0){
       perror("strncmp:");
       exit(1); 
    }

    if (close(fd) < 0 )    {
        perror("close:");
        exit(1);
    }  
}

       假设测试代码为test.c，则为了测试方便可以写一个简单的shell：

#!/bin/sh
mkdir io_hang_test
gcc -o test test.c
sudo umount io_hang_test
sudo rmmod ramdisk.ko
make
sudo insmod ramdisk.ko
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/ramdisk0
sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/ramdisk0 io_hang_test
sudo cp test io_hang_test/

     然后在io_hang_test目录下sudo ./test，然后看test进程处于D状态。

     同时sudo tail -f  /var/log/kern.log看下内核的持续输出。

总结

      本文只是提供了一种较为简单、在块设备层模拟io hang的方法。好处是不依赖真实磁盘设备、不会影响系统真实磁盘的读写（磁盘大小可自定义），只有处于测试挂载点的读写才会hang，并且umount之后自动清理测试文件，没有垃圾。在此基础上，还可以定制驱动扩展自己的io hang策略（本文只阐述了一种简单的延时hang策略），控制性很强。

      这里之所以不使用自己写块设备驱动，是因为内核版本很多，这样在调试不同内核版本时需要移植，如果直接使用ramdisk，那么内核中不同版本下都直接有相应的源码（3.x和5.x差别还是很大的），稍微加一下自己的代码就可以编译使用。非常方便。

      如果非要自己写一个简单一点的ramdisk，也可以参考下面的代码（参考LDD，修改支持blk_mq）：

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/init.h>

#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>	/* printk() */
#include <linux/slab.h>		/* kmalloc() */
#include <linux/fs.h>		/* everything... */
#include <linux/errno.h>	/* error codes */
#include <linux/types.h>	/* size_t */
#include <linux/fcntl.h>	/* O_ACCMODE */
#include <linux/hdreg.h>	/* HDIO_GETGEO */
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/genhd.h>
#include <linux/blk-mq.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>	
#include <linux/bio.h>

#ifndef BLK_STS_OK
typedef int blk_status_t;
#define BLK_STS_OK 0
#define OLDER_KERNEL 1
#endif

#ifndef BLK_STS_IOERR
#define BLK_STS_IOERR 10
#endif

#ifndef SECTOR_SHIFT
#define SECTOR_SHIFT 9
#endif

#define size_to_sectors(size) ((size) >> SECTOR_SHIFT)
#define sectors_to_size(size) ((size) << SECTOR_SHIFT)

MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");

static int sbull_major;
module_param(sbull_major, int, 0);
static int logical_block_size = 512;
module_param(logical_block_size, int, 0);
static char* disk_size = "256M";
module_param(disk_size, charp, 0);
static int ndevices = 1;
module_param(ndevices, int, 0);
static bool debug = false;
module_param(debug, bool, false);

/*
 * The different "request modes" we can use.
 */
enum {
	RM_SIMPLE  = 0,	/* The extra-simple request function */
	RM_FULL    = 1,	/* The full-blown version */
	RM_NOQUEUE = 2,	/* Use make_request */
};

/*
 * Minor number and partition management.
 */
#define SBULL_MINORS	16

/*
 * We can tweak our hardware sector size, but the kernel talks to us
 * in terms of small sectors, always.
 */
#define KERNEL_SECTOR_SIZE	512

/*
 * The internal representation of our device.
 */
struct sbull_dev {
	int size;                       /* Device size in sectors */
	u8 *data;                       /* The data array */
	spinlock_t lock;                /* For mutual exclusion */
	struct request_queue *queue;    /* The device request queue */
	struct gendisk *gd;             /* The gendisk structure */
	struct blk_mq_tag_set tag_set;
};

static struct sbull_dev *Devices;

/* Handle an I/O request */
static blk_status_t sbull_transfer(struct sbull_dev *dev, unsigned long sector,
			unsigned long nsect, char *buffer, int op)

{
	unsigned long offset = sectors_to_size(sector);
	unsigned long nbytes = sectors_to_size(nsect);

	if ((offset + nbytes) > dev->size) {
		pr_notice("Beyond-end write (%ld %ld)\n", offset, nbytes);
		return BLK_STS_IOERR;
	}

	if  (debug)
		pr_info("%s: %s, sector: %ld, nsectors: %ld, offset: %ld,"
			       " nbytes: %ld",
			dev->gd->disk_name,
			op == REQ_OP_WRITE ? "WRITE" : "READ", sector, nsect,
			offset, nbytes);

	/* will be only REQ_OP_READ or REQ_OP_WRITE */
	if (op == REQ_OP_WRITE)
		memcpy(dev->data + offset, buffer, nbytes);
	else
		memcpy(buffer, dev->data + offset, nbytes);

	return BLK_STS_OK;
}

static blk_status_t sbull_queue_rq(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
		const struct blk_mq_queue_data *bd)
{
	struct request *req = bd->rq;
	struct sbull_dev *dev = req->rq_disk->private_data;
	int op = req_op(req);
	blk_status_t ret;

	blk_mq_start_request(req);
	spin_lock(&dev->lock);

	if (op != REQ_OP_READ && op != REQ_OP_WRITE) {
		pr_notice("Skip non-fs request\n");
		blk_mq_end_request(req, BLK_STS_IOERR);
		spin_unlock(&dev->lock);
		return BLK_STS_IOERR;
	}

	ret = sbull_transfer(dev, blk_rq_pos(req),
			blk_rq_cur_sectors(req),
			bio_data(req->bio), op);

	blk_mq_end_request(req, ret);
	spin_unlock(&dev->lock);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * The device operations structure.
 */
static const struct block_device_operations sbull_ops = {
	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
};

static const struct blk_mq_ops sbull_mq_ops = {
	.queue_rq = sbull_queue_rq,
};

static struct request_queue *create_req_queue(struct blk_mq_tag_set *set)
{
	struct request_queue *q;

#ifndef OLDER_KERNEL
	q = blk_mq_init_sq_queue(set, &sbull_mq_ops,
			2, BLK_MQ_F_SHOULD_MERGE | BLK_MQ_F_BLOCKING);
#else
	int ret;

	memset(set, 0, sizeof(*set));
	set->ops = &sbull_mq_ops;
	set->nr_hw_queues = 1;
	/*set->nr_maps = 1;*/
	set->queue_depth = 2;
	set->numa_node = NUMA_NO_NODE;
	set->flags = BLK_MQ_F_SHOULD_MERGE | BLK_MQ_F_BLOCKING;

	ret = blk_mq_alloc_tag_set(set);
	if (ret)
		return ERR_PTR(ret);

	q = blk_mq_init_queue(set);
	if (IS_ERR(q)) {
		blk_mq_free_tag_set(set);
		return q;
	}
#endif

	return q;
}

/*
 * Set up our internal device.
 */
static void setup_device(struct sbull_dev *dev, int which)
{
	long long sbull_size = memparse(disk_size, NULL);

	memset(dev, 0, sizeof(struct sbull_dev));
	dev->size = sbull_size;
	dev->data = vzalloc(dev->size);
	if (dev->data == NULL) {
		pr_notice("vmalloc failure.\n");
		return;
	}
	spin_lock_init(&dev->lock);

	dev->queue = create_req_queue(&dev->tag_set);
	if (IS_ERR(dev->queue))
		goto out_vfree;

	blk_queue_logical_block_size(dev->queue, logical_block_size);
	dev->queue->queuedata = dev;
	/*
	 * And the gendisk structure.
	 */
	dev->gd = alloc_disk(SBULL_MINORS);
	if (!dev->gd) {
		pr_notice("alloc_disk failure\n");
		goto out_vfree;
	}
	dev->gd->major = sbull_major;
	dev->gd->first_minor = which*SBULL_MINORS;
	dev->gd->fops = &sbull_ops;
	dev->gd->queue = dev->queue;
	dev->gd->private_data = dev;
	snprintf(dev->gd->disk_name, 32, "myramdisk%c", which + 'a');
	set_capacity(dev->gd, size_to_sectors(sbull_size));
	add_disk(dev->gd);
	return;

out_vfree:
	if (dev->data)
		vfree(dev->data);
}



static int __init sbull_init(void)
{
	int i;
	/*
	 * Get registered.
	 */
	sbull_major = register_blkdev(sbull_major, "myramdisk");
	if (sbull_major <= 0) {
		pr_warn("myramdisk: unable to get major number\n");
		return -EBUSY;
	}

	/*
	 * Allocate the device array, and initialize each one.
	 */
	Devices = kmalloc(ndevices * sizeof(struct sbull_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (Devices == NULL)
		goto out_unregister;
	for (i = 0; i < ndevices; i++)
		setup_device(Devices + i, i);

	return 0;

out_unregister:
	unregister_blkdev(sbull_major, "myramdisk");
	return -ENOMEM;
}

static void sbull_exit(void)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < ndevices; i++) {
		struct sbull_dev *dev = Devices + i;

		if (dev->gd) {
			del_gendisk(dev->gd);
			put_disk(dev->gd);
		}
		if (dev->queue)
			blk_cleanup_queue(dev->queue);

		if (dev->data)
			vfree(dev->data);
	}
	unregister_blkdev(sbull_major, "myramdisk");
	kfree(Devices);
}

module_init(sbull_init);
module_exit(sbull_exit);